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Child Growth and Development, ELED 132

Child Growth and Development, ELED 132. Dr. Andrew Whitehead More Information at: www.esu.edu/~andrew. Defining Intelligence. What is intelligence? Intelligence – the ability to benefit from experiences and thereby modify future behaviors to accomplish new tasks successfully.

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Child Growth and Development, ELED 132

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  1. Child Growth and Development, ELED 132 Dr. Andrew Whitehead More Information at: www.esu.edu/~andrew

  2. Defining Intelligence • What is intelligence? • Intelligence – the ability to benefit from experiences and thereby modify future behaviors to accomplish new tasks successfully

  3. Theoretical Perspectives • Spearman’s g • g = general factor in intelligence • Cattell’s Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence • Fluid intelligence – the ability to acquire knowledge quickly and thereby to adapt to new situations gf • Crystallized intelligence – the knowledge and skills they have accumulated through their experiences gc

  4. Theoretical Perspectives • Sternbergs Triarchic Theory – focuses on the role of intelligence itself • Role of Environmental Context • Role of Prior Experience • Role of Cognitive Processes • Distributed Intelligence • Intelligence depends on people’s physical, social and cultural support systems

  5. Theoretical Perspectives • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • Linguistic • Logical-Mathematical • Spatial • Musical • Bodily-Kinesthetic • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Naturalist • New! Existential

  6. Heredity and Environmental Influences • Evidence for Hereditary Influences • Twins • Adoption studies • Evidence for Environmental Influences • Twins again • Effects of Home Environment • Effects of Early Nutrition • Effects of Toxic Substances • Effects of Early Intervention • Effects of Formal Schooling • How Nature and Nurture Interact in Their Influence

  7. Measuring Intelligence • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children • WISC-IV • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale • Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test • IQ Scores • Bell curve • Validity and Reliability • Most commercially available tests are considered to be both valid and reliable

  8. Developmental Trends in IQ Scores • IQ scores become increasingly stable with age • IQ scores become increasingly better predictors of future achievement

  9. Group Differences in Intelligence • Socioeconomic Differences • Gender Differences • Ethnic and Racial Differences

  10. Critique of Current Perspectives on Intelligence • Research has relied too heavily on traditional intelligence tests • IQ scores are often interpreted out of context • Assessment of intelligence in schools focuses almost exclusively on skills that are mainstream Western culture

  11. Critique of Current Perspectives on Intelligence • Intelligence tests overlook dispositions and metacognitive strategies as important contributors to intellectual functioning • Many theorists have placed higher priority on assessing current intelligence than on developing future intelligence

  12. Implications of Theories and Research on Intelligence • Maintain a skepticism about the accuracy of IQ scores • Remain optimistic about every student’s potential • Support early intervention programs in your community • Capitalize on students’ unique strengths and abilities • Be open-minded about the ways in which students might demonstrate intelligence

  13. Implications of Theories and Research on Intelligence • Promote more “intelligent” cognitive strategies • Give children the support they need to think more intelligently

  14. Exceptionalities in Intelligence • Giftedness • High IQ • National Association for Gifted Children • Pennsylvania Association for Gifted Education • Growing Gifted Children • Mental retardation • IQ 65-70

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