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This resource explores various definitions and theories of intelligence, such as Spearman's general factor and Gardner's Multiple Intelligences. It discusses the influences of heredity and the environment on intelligence, including the impacts of home environment, early nutrition, and schooling. The text critiques traditional intelligence assessments, emphasizing the importance of recognizing diverse strengths and abilities in individuals. It also highlights the ongoing debate about IQ scores and their implications for education and student potential. Aimed at educators and psychologists, this guide promotes supportive practices for nurturing intelligence.
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Child Growth and Development, ELED 132 Dr. Andrew Whitehead More Information at: www.esu.edu/~andrew
Defining Intelligence • What is intelligence? • Intelligence – the ability to benefit from experiences and thereby modify future behaviors to accomplish new tasks successfully
Theoretical Perspectives • Spearman’s g • g = general factor in intelligence • Cattell’s Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence • Fluid intelligence – the ability to acquire knowledge quickly and thereby to adapt to new situations gf • Crystallized intelligence – the knowledge and skills they have accumulated through their experiences gc
Theoretical Perspectives • Sternbergs Triarchic Theory – focuses on the role of intelligence itself • Role of Environmental Context • Role of Prior Experience • Role of Cognitive Processes • Distributed Intelligence • Intelligence depends on people’s physical, social and cultural support systems
Theoretical Perspectives • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • Linguistic • Logical-Mathematical • Spatial • Musical • Bodily-Kinesthetic • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Naturalist • New! Existential
Heredity and Environmental Influences • Evidence for Hereditary Influences • Twins • Adoption studies • Evidence for Environmental Influences • Twins again • Effects of Home Environment • Effects of Early Nutrition • Effects of Toxic Substances • Effects of Early Intervention • Effects of Formal Schooling • How Nature and Nurture Interact in Their Influence
Measuring Intelligence • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children • WISC-IV • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale • Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test • IQ Scores • Bell curve • Validity and Reliability • Most commercially available tests are considered to be both valid and reliable
Developmental Trends in IQ Scores • IQ scores become increasingly stable with age • IQ scores become increasingly better predictors of future achievement
Group Differences in Intelligence • Socioeconomic Differences • Gender Differences • Ethnic and Racial Differences
Critique of Current Perspectives on Intelligence • Research has relied too heavily on traditional intelligence tests • IQ scores are often interpreted out of context • Assessment of intelligence in schools focuses almost exclusively on skills that are mainstream Western culture
Critique of Current Perspectives on Intelligence • Intelligence tests overlook dispositions and metacognitive strategies as important contributors to intellectual functioning • Many theorists have placed higher priority on assessing current intelligence than on developing future intelligence
Implications of Theories and Research on Intelligence • Maintain a skepticism about the accuracy of IQ scores • Remain optimistic about every student’s potential • Support early intervention programs in your community • Capitalize on students’ unique strengths and abilities • Be open-minded about the ways in which students might demonstrate intelligence
Implications of Theories and Research on Intelligence • Promote more “intelligent” cognitive strategies • Give children the support they need to think more intelligently
Exceptionalities in Intelligence • Giftedness • High IQ • National Association for Gifted Children • Pennsylvania Association for Gifted Education • Growing Gifted Children • Mental retardation • IQ 65-70
