bIOCHEMISTRY

1. bIOCHEMISTRY The Chemical Composition of Living Things

2. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & CHANGES • Physical Properties • Describe physical appearance • Color, texture, shape • Physical Changes • Change in appearance only • Reversible • Melting, freezing, breaking, etc. • Chemical Properties • Describe how material reacts • Flammability, reactive, & pH • Chemical Changes • Change in composition • Irreversible • Burning, oxidizing, digesting, etc.

3. EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE • See  • Hear  • Smell  • Touch  • Taste 

4. CHEMICAL RXNS W/IN LIVING ORGANISMS • Chemical rxns require energy (activation energy) • Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical rxn. • Catalyst = speed things up • Allows biological processes to happen faster

5. ENZYMES: HOW THEY WORK • Shape determines function • Specific enzyme for each different chemical rxn • Ex: Lactase enzyme speeds up the metabolism of lactose • Denature • If an enzyme’s shape changes, it won’t work as effectively • Caused by: • Change in temp • Toxins (acids, bases) • Radiation

6. ATOMIC STRUCTURE • # protons = • + charge • # neutrons = • No charge • # electrons = • - charge 6 Atomic Number C Symbol 12.01 Atomic Mass

7. ATOMIC DIAGRAMS • Nucleus – • protons + neutrons • Electron clouds • Surround nucleus • 1st – • 2nd – • 3rd – • 4th – • 5th – • 6th – • 7th -

8. ATOMIC DIAGRAMS • Valence Electrons – • Electrons in the outer most energy level • Octet Rule • Must fill 1st level before move onto the next

9. CARBON • Protons - ___________ • Neutrons - _________ • Electrons - _________ • Valence - __________

10. SODIUM • Protons - ___________ • Neutrons - _________ • Electrons - _________ • Valence - __________

11. BORON • Protons - ___________ • Neutrons - _________ • Electrons - _________ • Valence - __________

12. CHLORINE • Protons - ___________ • Neutrons - _________ • Electrons - _________ • Valence - __________

13. PERIODIC TRENDS

14. BONDING • 2/more atoms join to become more stable • Atoms become stable when they have a full outer energy level • Most organic elements need 8 electrons • Hydrogen is the exception – it only needs 2

15. IONIC BONDS • Atoms gain/lose electrons to increase stability • Gains  (-) ion • Loses  (+) ion • Opposing charges attract  forming a bond

16. IONIC BONDS • Formulas • 1st – (+) ion • 2nd - (-) ion • # indicates how many of each element are needed • NaCl • Sodium & Oxygen

17. COVALENT BONDS • 2/more atoms share electrons to increase their stability • Occurs when neither element can “give away” electrons • Atoms joined by covalent bonds are called molecules

18. COVALENT BONDS • Carbon & Sulfur

19. BONDING Nitrogen & Oxygen Bond ____________ Formula ___________

20. MIXTURES • 2/more items mixed together, but NOT chemically combined. • Homogeneous – same throughout • Food coloring & water • Heterogeneous – different, forms layers • Oil & water

21. MIXTURES • SOLUTIONS • 1 substance dissolved in another • Homogeneous • Solvent – doing dissolving (water) • Solute – being dissolved • Examples:

22. MIXTURES • SUSPENSION • Substances that do NOT mix • Settle out & form layers • Heterogeneous • Examples:

23. MIXTURES • COLLOID • Gel-like substance clusters large molecules spread throughout • Properties both liquid & solid depending upon pressure applied • Homogeneous • Examples:

24. WATER • Water is most dense in liquid form. • Water has a high surface tension.

25. WATER • Ability to form solutions • Creates acids & bases

26. pH Lab • Write the pH scale down the center of your paper. • On the right side make a guess as to where the 14 given solutions fall. • Test the pH by dipping the strips into the solution & then match the color. • Write your new answer to the left of your pH scale. Test Results – written here Hypothesis – written here

27. pH Lab • Arrange the following substances from most acidic  most basic SURFACE TENSION • On the back – hypothesis as to the number of drops of water you can put on a penny. Ammonia Baking soda Bleach Coffee Digestive juices Dish soap Drain cleaner Lemon juice Milk Saliva Soda Tums Vinegar Water

28. pH Lab Coffee Soda Tums Dish soap Saliva Milk Lemon juice Water Digestive juice Ammonia Vinegar Drain Cleaner Baking soda Bleach

29. COMPOUNDS in LIVING THINGS • Four main elements that make up 96% of the human body: • Carbon • Nitrogen • Oxygen • Hydrogen • Inorganic Cmpds: • Do NOT contain C • Exception to rule • CO2 • Examples: • Water • Minerals • Metals • Sand • Rock

30. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Carbon molecules • Importance of Carbon • Forms 4 strong stable covalent bonds • Form single, double & triple bonds • Examples: • Carbohydrates • Fats • Proteins • Polymerization – building of complex molecules • Monomer • Single unit • Polymer • Multiple repeating units • Macromolecule • Large chain of compounds

31. POLYMERIZATION • Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydration • Loss of water • Synthesis • Creation • Build organic molecules • Create bonds = store energy • Humans – protein production • Plants – fruit & veggie production • Hydrolysis • Hydro – water • Lysis – splitting • Break organic molecules apart • Break bonds = release energy • Digestion – release energy from food

32. ORGANIC MOLECULES • Molecular Formula • # elements in a compound • Example: • H2O • CH4 • C6H12O6 • Structural Formula • Picture of compound • Shows arrangement & bond type • Example: H H C H H

33. ORGANIC MOLECULES • Must contain Carbon • Hydrocarbon: • Simplest organic • Chains of carbon connected by single, double or triple bonds • Remaining bonds are filled with hydrogen • Ex: _________ C CCC • Ex: _________ C CCC • Ex: _________ C CCC

34. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Hydroxyl: • Alcohols • OH • Carboxyl: O • C OH • Carbonyl: • C O • Given different names based on location • Aldehyde – end • Ketone - middle

35. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Amine: H • N H • Identifying Organics • Is Carbon present? • Yes - Organic • Is Nitrogen present • Yes – Protein • No – Carb or Lipid • Is there a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen • Yes – Carb • No - Lipid

36. CARBOHYDRATES ELEMENTS – carbon, hydrogen & oxygen 1 : 2 : 1 B. BLOCKS – simple sugars (monosaccharides) FUNCTIONS – short term energy & structures EXAMPLES – sugars & starches SPECIAL TERMS – - monosaccharides: simple/single sugar - disaccharide: double sugar - polysaccharide: many sugars

37. LIPIDS ELEMENTS – carbon, hydrogen & oxygen large complex molecule B. BLOCKS – glycerol & 3 fatty acids FUNCTIONS – long term energy, insulation, protection & floatation EXAMPLES – fats, oils & waxes SPECIAL TERMS – - saturated: animal, solid, bad fats, C – C bonds - unsaturated: plant, liquid, good, C=C, less H

38. PROTEINS ELEMENTS – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen B. BLOCKS – amino acids FUNCTIONS – metabolism, hormones, muscle, immune system, enzymes EXAMPLES – meat & cheese; hair, nails, horns SPECIAL TERMS – - peptide bond: C – N bond

39. NUCLEIC ACIDS ELEMENTS – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & phosphorus B. BLOCKS – nucleotides FUNCTIONS – store genetic information & make proteins EXAMPLES – DNA & RNA SPECIAL TERMS – - nucleotide: contains N base, sugar & phosphate group

40. CARBOHYDRATESSugars & Starches • Monosaccharides • Simple sugars • Building blocks of carbs • Examples • Glucose – C6H1206 • Galactose – C6H1206 • Fructose - C6H1206 • Disaccharides • Double sugars • Created thru dehydration synthesis • Examples • Sucrose – C12H22011 • Maltose – C12H22011 • Lactose - C12H22011

41. CARBOHYDRATESSugars & Starches • Polysaccharides • Very long chains of monosaccharides • Examples: • Starch • Cellulose (fiber) • Glycogen • Chitin • Functions: • Energy • Simple – instant • Complex – longer lasting • Stored energy • Plants  celluose • Animals  glycogen (liver) • Structural Support • Cellulose stems & leaves • Chitin  insect exoskeletons

42. MONOSACCHARIDES Glucose Fructose

43. POLYSACCHARIDES Alpha – glucose (Starch) Beta-glucose (Cellulose)

44. LIPIDSFats, Oils & Waxes • Building Blocks • Glycerol • 3 fatty acids • Functions: • Long term energy • Hibernation • Protection • Internal organs • Insulation • Cell membranes • Chemical Messengers • Surround nerves brain

45. LIPIDSFats, Oils & Waxes • Saturated Lipids • Saturated “full” Hydrogen • Carbons of fatty acids all joined by – bonds • Found – animals • Solid • Cholesterol – “bad fat” • Unsaturated Lipids • Less hydrogen • Carbons of fatty acids joined by = bonds • Found – plants & fish • Liquids • Healthier – “good fats”

46. PROTEINS • Amino Acids • Building blocks • 20 different A. A’s • Same basic structure except for “R” group

47. PROTEINS • Also called polypeptides • Functions: • Movement – muscle • Transport – blood • Protection – immune system • Structures – hair, horns, nails, silk, feathers

48. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Building blocks – nucleotides • Function • Store genetic information • Create proteins • Examples: • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA – ribonucleic acid

49. Model Lab glycine alanine

50. ENZYMES • Proteins that act as a catalyst • Speed up reactions • Terms: • Substrate – what is broken down • Active site – area where enzyme & substrate connect • Lock & Key Theory • Extremely specific • Unique shape of an enzyme allows it to connect with only 1 substrate