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History 398 Lecture 21 IN OUR OWN IMAGE: CREATING THE COMPUTER

George H. Bindon. History 398 Lecture 21 IN OUR OWN IMAGE: CREATING THE COMPUTER. In the Beginning. The Protean Machine. R/W Head. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. 1. 1. 0. State Table. In Our Image. John von Neumann First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (1945)

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History 398 Lecture 21 IN OUR OWN IMAGE: CREATING THE COMPUTER

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  1. George H. Bindon History 398 Lecture 21IN OUR OWN IMAGE:CREATINGTHE COMPUTER History 398 Fall 2004

  2. In the Beginning... • The Protean Machine R/W Head 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 State Table History 398 Fall 2004

  3. In Our Image • John von Neumann • First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (1945) • Alan Turing *38 • “On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem” (1936) • Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts • “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity” (1943) • General and Logical Theory of Automata (1954) History 398 Fall 2004

  4. John von Neumann et al., EDVAC Architecture CControl    I CArithmetic (A) O J   Memory Recording + A I + J - A  I - J * A  A + I*J / A  I/J i A  I j A  J s A  (A >= 0 ? I : J) Circuit diagram from the John W. Mauchly Papers University of Pennsylvania History 398 Fall 2004 msm 98

  5. John McCarthy on Mathematical Science It is reasonable to hope that the relationship between computation and mathematical logic will be as fruitful in the next century as that between analysis and physics in the last. The development of this relationship demands a concern for both applications and mathematical elegance. History 398 Fall 2004

  6. The Mother of Necessity • ENIAC vs EDVAC: hardware & software • The first big computers: ENIAC to UNIVAC • Design of computer during these years open and flexible: the device assumed different shapes depending on who was using it. History 398 Fall 2004

  7. History 398 Fall 2004

  8. EDSAC, Cambridge University, 1949 History 398 Fall 2004

  9. History 398 Fall 2004

  10. Business, Industry & Government Technology & Science mathematical calculation mechanical logic organization of production data processing design & maintenance of large systems electricity telecommunications management ENIAC military C&C EDVAC c o m p u t e r s Computer Science scientific computation automation robotics SAGE WWCCS C3I OR/MS EDP ESS theory systems human augmentation computational science artificial intelligence artificial life

  11. Communities of Computing • Number Crunching (FORTRAN) • Data Processing (COBOL) • Production Flow - Automation, Robotics • Management Systems - OR/MS • Communication Systems - ESS • Computer (Algol) • Operating System = Programming System + Supervisor History 398 Fall 2004

  12. Computer Systems • Programming systems • make work of programmer easier and more efficient • Operating systems • make computer more efficient for users, while protecting computer from them • Application Systems • make the computer do something useful History 398 Fall 2004

  13. Programming Languages • machine language • assemblers • POL (problem-oriented language) • FORTRAN (1956) • LISP (1959) • COBOL (1960) • Algol (1960) History 398 Fall 2004

  14. History 398 Fall 2004

  15. History 398 Fall 2004

  16. The Algol Family Tree Algol [60] Algol 68 CPL Algol W BCPL Pascal B C Modula Ada Simula C with Classes C++ Java History 398 Fall 2004

  17. Operating systems: automating the computer • Programmer at machine • Batch processing by operators • Monitors • Common interface between programming systems and computer: OS = monitor + programming system • Multiplexing for time-sharing • Arguably most complex artifact ever constructed, grow to occupy ever-larger portion of resident memory and to constitute ever greater portion of total cost of machine and of machine's development History 398 Fall 2004

  18. Eric S. Raymond, The Art of Unix Programming History 398 Fall 2004

  19. Human-Machine Interaction • Military Command and Control (C3I) • Real-time systems (SAGE -> SABRE) • Amplifying Intelligence • Vannever Bush, “As We May Think” (1945) • JCR Licklider, “Man-Computer Symbiosis” (1960) • Douglas C. Engelbart, “Augmenting Human Intellect” (1962) • Emulating Intelligence -AI • Machines Who Think • Machines That Think • Cognitive Science - The (Re)Discovery of the Mind History 398 Fall 2004

  20. Personal Computing • Systems + Human Augmentation • Miniaturization History 398 Fall 2004

  21. The Computer Market, 1953-83 vacuumtube transistor integratedcircuit MSI, LSI, VLSI 1958 1981 1977 1946 1965 1971 IBM and the Seven Dwarves System 360, 370 mainframe VAX 11 PDP-8 DEC minicomputer Data General Nova Eclipse Apple II IBM PC microcomputer History 398 Fall 2004

  22. History 398 Fall 2004

  23. Personal Computing • Systems + Human Augmentation • Miniaturization • Accidental Empires (Cringely) • Apple (1977) • IBM (1981) • Microsoft + Intel = Wintel (1985) • The Second Self (Turkle) • Life on the Screen (Turkle) History 398 Fall 2004

  24. The Web of Information

  25. Embedded Computing History 398 Fall 2004

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