The New Kingdom

1. The New Kingdom Warrior Pharaohs

2. Ahmose and Kamose • Egyptian rulers between two powerful nations; Hyksos and Nubians • Egyptians viewed foreigners as backwards and barbarians, images carved on footstools

3. Hyksos plans • Hyksos plan to crush Egyptians with Nubian help • Kamose leads troops north against Hyksos towards capital of Avaris • younger brother Ahmose trains for ten years before battling Hyksos

4. 1570 BC Ahmose • Tutmosis I military campaigns extended borders further south • Tutmosis II brother and sister married to keep power within family • Married half-sister Hatshepsut

5. Regent Hatshepsut • Tutmosis III too young to take throne, Hatshepsut takes power as co-regent and then pharaoh

6. Queen Pharaoh Hatshepsut • temple of Karnak • Trading expeditions to Punt

7. obelisks

8. Revenge Tutmosis III • Series of battles and campaigns along Syrian coast • Napoleon of Egypt • Temple of Karnak • Destroyed all evidence of Hatshepsut, eliminate memory and soul

9. Tuthmosis: Empire • Empire: bringing different territories under the rule of one government • Egypt no longer isolated • Cultural diffusion

10. Return to Peace and Prosperity • Tutmosis IV period of peace and prosperity for Egypt • Amenhotep III Thebes • Temple to Amun • Wealth and great prosperity Colossi of Memnon Great Hypostyle Hall, Temple to Amun

11. The Heretic 1353 BC • Amenhotep IV second son of Amenhotep III, being raised studying religion, changed name to Akhenaten • Akhenaten crowned pharaoh at Karnak, promotes monotheistic religion based on sun worship, Aten

12. Beauty and the Beast • Wife reputed to the most beautiful woman in the world, Nefertiti • Akhenaten’s appearance is another story

13. Amarna • 1344 BC Amarna period • New capital city built by Akhenaten • Queen Ti, Akhenaten’s mother, acts as regent • foreign affairs neglectedAmarna letters • Artistic changes more realistic Pharaoh seen more feminine, intimate with family

14. Death of Amarna • Religion of Sun god dies with Akhenaten • memory of Akhenaten erased

15. King Tut • 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb by Howard Carter • Image of the god of life • born Tut-ankh-aten changed name to show allegiance to old gods

16. Three’s a Crowd • Horemheb military commander • Ay vizier and high priest • run country and maintain order •  Egypt has highly developed bureaucracy • Tutankhamun dies suddenly at age 20

17. To the victor the spoils… • Ay desires to marry Tutankhamun’s widow, she attempts to marry Hittite prince, but fails. Ay becomes next pharaoh, but dies without a successor. • Horemheb assumes the throne, marrying Nerfertiti’s sister. • Reopens temples to Amun at Thebes, destroys temples to Aten • Dies without an heir, appoints Rameses as his successor. • Rameses dies quickly, but produces an heir, Seti I

18. 19th Dynasty Seti I art and culture flourish • building projects • rebuilds Abydos • Aims to reclaim Empire of Egypt • fights against Syrians

19. Rameses II • raised for leadership of Egypt • 1279 Rameses II crowned pharaoh • 67 year reign • more temples and monuments • more children • The Great Ancestor • well prepared by father Seti I

20. Master Builder • Temple of Luxor • Temple of Karnak

21. Abu Simbel

22. The wife • Nefartari, temple at Abu Simbel vulture headdress • Per-Ramessu city built in the Nile delta with Hebrew slave labour

23. The Legend of Kadesh • Hittites Kadesh • 1275 BC 20 000 man army • Celebrated as one of the greatest military victories in Egyptian history • 1259 first peace treaty between Egyptians and Hittites • Video 1 • Video 2 • Video 3

24. II to III • Rameses II dies in 1212 BC age 92, father of over 200 children. • Rameses III trouble with the Sea Peoples Sea Peoples overrun the Hittites and settle along the coast. Ramses III defends Egypt on all fronts

25. Decline • division within Egypt • rise of other empires • Libyan, Nubian, Persian pharaohs rule Egypt.

26. Persians defeated by Greeks under Alexander the Great. • Upon Alexander’s death, Ptolemy is given control of Egypt; the first pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

27. Til death do us part • Ptolemies built Alexandria Library Center of learning for the world Lighthouse of Alexandria

28. Cleo and Julie • 51 BC throne goes to Cleopatra VII and brother Ptolemy XIII • struggle for power results in civil war and Cleopatra fleeing Egypt  • Arrival of Julius Caesar in Egypt brings Cleopatra back (in secret). • Cleopatra allies herself with Caesar (in more ways than one) • Cleopatra invited back to Rome, inadvertently assists in public perception that Caesar wants to be king. Julius Caesar is assassinated.

29. Cleo and Antony • Roman power falls to Mark Antony and Octavian Augustus • Antony and Cleopatra ally (in more ways than one) • Roman civil war between followers of Antony and Augustus

30. The end is nigh… • Antony defeated at Actium • Roman fleet enters Alexandria harbour • Antony suicide • Cleopatra suicide • Last of the pharaohs.

31. Egyptian families • Respect for parents • Son responsible for father’s tomb • Women the property of husbands, but valued producers of children Rahotep and Nofret (son and daughter in law to Snefru)

32. Social Roles Role of Women • Well treated and had considerable legal rightscompared to other civilizations • Same legal rights as men (land, property, divorce) • Left women to be economically independent • Primary role was in domestic life • Common title for a married women in ancient Egypt was “nebet per” meaning “the lady of the house” • Bear and raise children Role of Men • Head of the family • Men could have numerous wives but economically men had only 1 wife • Labourers, craftsmen • Jobs were hereditary Jobs • Labour required for construction projects and was mostly filled by poor, serfs • Stability of Egypt thrived as skilled trades were passed from father to son • Children always learned the trade from parents; seldom could choose occupation

33. Education • Contributed to stability and continuity of Egypt • All children, regardless of social class, received some education • Followed a moral and ethical guide “Instructions in Wisdom” • Goal for education was to ensure youth exhibited self control and good manners • At 14, young boys followed fathers in jobs, and girls learned from mothers in the household • Children of priests were schooled more formally • Literacy was stressed for government jobs • Education respected for creating a well rounded individual

34. Hieroglyphs

35. History of Writing: 1) pictograms (sun= sun) 2) ideograms (sun = sun, daylight, warmth, light)3) phonograms: symbols that suggest a particular sound; related ideas and also sound (Sun = sun, son, Sunday) • Each hieroglyph found in pyramids and tombs often symbolized more than one consonant. Not only that, but actual Egyptian hieroglyphs were a combination of sound-signs, pictograms, and ideograms.

36. Rosetta Stone What is the Rosetta Stone? • The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek). It was carved in 196 BCE. Why is it in three different scripts? • The Rosetta Stone is written in three scripts (hieroglyphs for religious documents; demotic- common script of Egypt; Greek- language of the rulers of Egypt at that time) • The Rosetta Stone was written in all three scripts so that the priests, government officials and rulers of Egypt could read what it said. When was the Rosetta Stone found? • The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799 by French soldiers who were rebuilding a fort in Egypt (in a small village in Delta called Rosetta (Rashid) What does the Rosetta Stone say? • The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a group of priests in Egypt to honour the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things that the pharaoh had done that were good for the priests and the people of Egypt.