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The Path to Egyptian Independence: British Influence and the 1922 Declaration

In 1922, Britain officially declared Egypt independent, yet retained significant control over its military and administrative affairs. While the Egyptian government gained nominal sovereignty, British forces remained stationed to safeguard vital interests such as the Suez Canal and foreign policy oversight. The 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty solidified this relationship, promising military support and mutual defense. The developments reflect the complex dynamics of national sovereignty and colonial influence during this pivotal period in Egypt's history.

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The Path to Egyptian Independence: British Influence and the 1922 Declaration

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  1. Independence Movements Around the World Chapter 29.1.2.3.5

  2. Egyptian Independence

  3. Independence for Egypt In 1922, the British declared Egypt independent. $ The British government would leave military forces there to defend Egypt and the Suez Canal. $ British also maintained administrative control over the Sudan. $ Britain also wanted to oversee Egypt’s foreign policy. In 1936 after Italy invaded Ethiopia the British and Egypt forged the Angelo-Egyptian Treaty. $ provided British military support and presence for 20 years in Egypt. $ 2 nations pledged support for each other in case war breaks out. $ Britain helped Egypt gain a membership in the League of Nation’s/

  4. Palestine and Israel • Middle East • Transjordan, Iraq, and Palestine – Allies \ British • Zealots \ Zionism • Balfour Declaration – Arabs vs. Jews • Kibbutzim

  5. India and the Commonwealth • British ally • Nationalists vs. Non Nationalists • Hindu vs. Muslim • Mohandas Gandhi • Passive Resistance • British Commonwealth of Nations • Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa • Voluntary association of countries in order to create public welfare or to create a political or economic advantage

  6. Turkey • Ottoman Empire defeated and reduced to Turkey • Mustafa Kemal • 1st President • Modernization \ No sultan \ limits influence of Islam • Republic of Turkey

  7. Persia (aka) Iran • Reza Shah Pahlavi • Iran • British vs. Russia but Germany

  8. Africa • WWI brings Africans experiences and desire for nationalism. (Western ideals)

  9. Chapter 29.3 Nationalistic Movement in China

  10. 1900’s China Dominated by Foreigners

  11. The U.S. and The Open-Door Policy

  12. What to do about the foreigners… • Young Qing Emperor wants to modernize • Problem… conservatives don’t want change • To stop change… • Empress Dowager Tz’u hsi • Jailed Emperor • Encouraged anti-foreign campaigns • Boxer Rebellion

  13. The Kuomintang • Nationalistic Movement • Leader Sun Yixan • 1912 o/throw Qing • 3 Principles: • Unification • Democratic Gov. • Improve Eon.

  14. Chiang Kai-shek • Replaced Sun Yixan • Anti-democratic gov. • Wanted to rid China of Communists

  15. Communist in China • Long March • Mao Zedong • Leader of Communists

  16. Chapter 29.5 Latin America

  17. Latin America (LA) Post-WWI • Prospering • Mostly Agricultural • Beginning to Industrialize • New Industry led to more… • Cities • People • Working & middle class • Still no democracy

  18. Economic Prob. 1930’s • Prices fell • Affected by Great Depression • Practiced Economic Nationalism • AKA Protect OWN Econ. • Econ. Prob. led to Dictatorships

  19. LA and US Relationship • Before WWI Bad • “Big Stick Diplomacy” • FDR tried to change • “Good Neighbor Policy” • Cooperate & Nonintervention

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