Chapter 9: An Emerging World Power

1. Chapter 9: An Emerging World Power Section 1: The Roots of Imperialism

2. Text Notes • In March 1889 in the South Pacific harbor of Apia, part of present Western Samoa, seven warships-one British, three German, and three U.S.- faced off. Before a shot could be fired, a typhoon struck destroying all but the British ship and possibly preventing a war.

3. Imperialism • The quest for colonial empires. • Why? • need of markets • raw materials • power and prestige. • A handful of industrialized nations seized control of vast areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

4. Social Darwinism • The belief that life consists of competitive struggles in which only the strongest survive. • Felt that certain nations were superior to others.

5. Fredrick Jackson Turner • The Significance of the Frontier in American History • Talked about the frontier as a safety valve and people compared the global world to it.

6. Extractive Economies • Economy in a colony where the colonizing country removed raw materials and shipped them back home for their own country to benefit.

7. Henry Cabot Lodge • Senator of Massachusetts argued that the US needed to join the race of imperialism. • to maintain its military and economic strength.

8. Matthew Perry • Sent in 1854 to persuade Japan to open its door to trade with the West.

9. Alaska • In 1867, William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia. • Seward’s Icebox • $7.2 million

10. Alfred Thayer Mahan • Wrote The Influence of Sea Power • Argued that the US needed a strong navy to protect its economic interests in foreign markets.

11. Text Notes • Other supporters of expansion claimed that the US had a duty to spread its political system and the Christian religion throughout the world.

12. Acquiring Hawaii • Tropical climate and lava enriched soil. • A good place to build naval bases and coaling stations for ships traveling to and from Asia. • Introduce people to Christianity.

13. Text Notes • During the late1800’s ships began arriving in Hawaii more often. The ships brought missionaries, settlers, and traders. They also brought diseases that reduced the Hawaiian population from about 300,000 to fewer than 150,000 by 1819.

14. Kalakaua • Hawaiian king, who took the throne in 1874. • US had a lot of influence over king.

15. The Hawaiian League • A secret league who wanted to overthrow the monarchy and persuade the US to annex Hawaii. • Finally forced Hawaiians to allow them to build Pearl Harbor

16. Subsidy • A gov’t bonus payment. • Sugar producers in the US received 2 cents per pound. This caused sugar prices to drop and the Hawaiian economy to suffer.

17. Liliuokalani • b/c Queen in 1891. • pledged to regain “Hawaii for the Hawaiians”

18. Hawaii’s Annexation • In 1893 Liliuokalani planned to publish a new constitution. • U.S. minister John L. Stevens ordered Marines ashore. • The revolutionists established a new gov’t with Sanford B. Doyle as president. • Stevens recognized the new gov’t and proclaimed the annexation of Hawaii. • All this happened w/o permission

19. Text Notes • Liliokalani lived out the remainder of her life in Honolulu, serving as a proud reminder of Hawaii’s past. Hawaii became a US territory in 1900 and the 50th sate in 1953. In 1993 Congress apologized for the US role in Liliokalani’s overthrow.

20. Text Notes • Hawaii was valuable to the US in part because it was a convenient for American trading ships traveling to China. Trade between China and the US began in 1784 when the American ship Express of China sailed for the port of Guanzhou.

21. Chapter 9: An Emerging World PowerSection 2: The Spanish American War

22. Text Notes • Supporters of US expansion had long been interested in the Caribbean Island of Cuba. In the late 1800s Cuba simmered with unrest, wanting to get out of Spain’s control.

23. Jose Marti • When Cubans launched a revolt in Feb. of 1895 he joined. • He became a martyr for Cuban independence when he was killed in battle.

24. ValerianoWeyler • Put down revolt. • He forced thousands of farmers into concentration camps to prevent them from providing aid to rebels.

25. Joseph Pulitzer • Journalist • New York World • Heightened public’s dislike of Spain. • He used yellow journalism to further aggravate the situation.

26. William Randolph Hearst • A journalist • New York Journal • He pressed for US involvement in Cuba. • He used yellow journalism to further aggravate the situation.

27. Yellow Press • Newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated in order to promote readership.

28. William McKinley • President 1897-1901 • He did not want to get involved. • “ I have been through one war, I have seen the dead piled up, and I do not want to see another”

29. Enrique Dupuy de Lome • Spain’s ambassador to DC • Wrote A letter that called McKinley a weak & stupid politician. • Hearst published the letter.

30. Jingoism • Aggressive nationalism • American relations with Spain were inflamed,

31. USS Maine • Had been sent to Havana to protect US lives and property. • On Feb. 15 The Maine blew up killing 260 soldiers. • Journalists blamed the enemy.

33. Teller Amendment • Once Cuba won its independence from Spain the US would allow Cuba to control the island and its own gov’t.

34. George Dewy • US commander who was ordered to attack the Spanish held Philippines. • Olympia- Spanish easily defeated.

35. Emilio Aguinaldo • Filipino nationalist who led rebellion against Spain in the Philippines.

36. Text Notes • Meanwhile, American troops landed in Cuba in June 1898. US Marines capture Guantanamo Bay .

37. General William Shafter • Army general who stormed ashore east of Santiago. • Led a Calvary that consisted of state national guardsmen, the African American 10th, and the 10th Calvary from the western frontier.

38. Text Notes • In spite of soldiers excitement for the war, the troops faced terrible conditions. They were poorly trained and supplied. The soldiers were given obsolete weapons and wool uniforms that were unsuitable for Cuba’s tropical climate. Corrupt official provided the men with rotting and contaminated food.

39. Rough Riders • Led by Lieutenant Colonial Teddy Roosevelt. • This unit was composed of rugged westerners and upper class easterners. • No horses! • They take San Juan Hill.

40. Text Notes • Two days after the battle of San Juan Hill, the Spanish navy made a desperate attempt to escape from Santiago harbor. US forces destroyed the Spanish fleet as it tried to break out. Surrounded, outnumbered, and dispirited Spanish forces surrendered.

41. Treaty of Paris • Spain gave up all claims to Cuba and ceded Puerto Rico and the Island of Guam to the US. • Spain also gave up claim to the Philippines. • US could not take Cuba.

42. Text Notes • After the Spanish American War, the US is now recognized as a world power!

45. Chapter 9: An Emerging World Power Section 3:The US and East Asia

46. Text Notes • The Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo had thought the US was an ally in the Filipino struggle for independence. His forces had fought side by side with the Americans against Spain. However, the US decided to maintain possession of the Philippines.

47. Guerrilla Warfare • A form of nontraditional warfare generally involving small bands of fighters to attack behind enemy line. • 1901 Emilio caught.

48. William Howard Taft • 1901 became governor of the Philippines. • Wanted to help the islands recover.

49. Text Notes • In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act, which pledged that the Philippines would ultimately gain their independence. Thirty years later, after US forces liberated the islands from Japan, the Philippines finally became an independent state.

50. Spheres of Influence • Regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over mines, railroads, and trade. • Britain, France, Russia, and Germany had carved out these throughout the world.