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Animal Behavior ( Ethology ) and Evolution

Animal Behavior ( Ethology ) and Evolution. Behavior. The way an organism reacts to changes in their internal condition or external environment. Stimulus. Signal that carries information and can be detected Internal Stimulus-hunger, CO 2 level high

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Animal Behavior ( Ethology ) and Evolution

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  1. Animal Behavior (Ethology) and Evolution

  2. Behavior • The way an organism reacts to changes in their internal condition or external environment.

  3. Stimulus • Signal that carries information and can be detected • Internal Stimulus-hunger, CO2 level high • External Stimulus-light, sound, odor, heat

  4. Innate Behavior • Inborn Behavior • Born knowing how to do this • Ex. Sucking • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjzfyvm9208

  5. Reflex • An automatic response that is innate • Ex knee jerk, jerk hand away from something that hurts • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY

  6. Instinct • An inner feeling/knowing • innate • Mothers know the cry of their baby

  7. Taxis is a animals response • Phototaxis-animals response to light • Euglena have a positive phototaxis • Worms have a negative phototaxis

  8. Territoriality • An animal protects an area as its own (dog defending owner and yard) • Mark territory with urine, and feces, protect food, mate, and space.

  9. Camouflage-blend into surroundings • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpE2jFHlEXI • Mimicry-look the same but are not • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ds5qIn2TISg • Camouflage and mimicry protect the organisms from stronger organisms • Ex.Moth that when scared shows the underside of its wings and it looks like a predatory owl King and Coral snakes

  10. Courtship Behavior • Behaviors used to attract a mate. • Sounds, visual display(dance), chemical • Pheromones are chemicals secreted by animals (scents) to attract a mate. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80lMLgzCzo0

  11. Behavioral Cycles(Innate)

  12. Migration • The regular seasonal movement of an animal to find food or a better place to raise their young • Geese fly south for the winter

  13. Hibernation • A period of inactivity during the cold months in which heart and breathing rates as well as metabolism slows down.

  14. Estivation • A period of inactivity because of heat • Heart, Breathing, and metabolism slows • Ex. Desert animals bury in ground

  15. Circadian Rhythm • A 24hour/daily rhythm or pattern • Something that you do everyday at the same time • Sleeping and Waking; Eating • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9wDNaNqWrI

  16. Annual Rhythm • A yearly pattern, something that happens about the same time each year • Migration, Hibernation

  17. Lunar Rhythm • A rhythm/pattern controlled by the moon • Ex. Tides

  18. Diurnal • Animals that are active during the day

  19. Nocturnal • Animals that are active at night • Owls, Bats

  20. Learned Behavior • Behavior that must be taught or develops over time

  21. 4 types of learned behavior • Habituation-when an animal is continually given a stimulus and eventually does not respond to it. alarm clock

  22. Conditioning/Conditioned Response-stimulus is associated with a response

  23. Trial and Error Learning(operant conditioning)-Learned behavior occurs after repeating the same activity several times ex. Mouse in maze, speed increases over time

  24. Imprinting-form a mental image of the first thing you see Ducklings imprint the image of their mother

  25. Insight learning-most complicated type of learning REASONING Apply prior learning to the new situation Ex. Monkey stack boxes to get to a hanging bunch of bananas, math problems

  26. Many animals work together and cooperate with one another making them less exposed to predators

  27. Plant Behavior • Tropisms-growth of plant in response to a stimulus Positive Stimulus-move toward stimulus Negative Stimulus-move away from stimulus

  28. 1. Phototropism-response to light Leaves-positive response Roots-negative response 2. Geotropism (Gravitropism)-response to gravity Roots-positive response Stems and leaves-negative response • Thigmotropism-tendrils wrap around something in response to touch climatis,cucumbers

  29. Nastic Movements are responses of plants to stimulus regardless of direction Examples: Mimosa leaves curling when touched; Venus Fly Traps snapping shut when hairs touched • Photoperiodism-response to amount of daylight a. Short-day plants- bloom in fall and winter (mums) b. Long-day plants- bloom in spring and summer (iris, impatiens) • Day-Neutral plants-bloom over a range of photoperiods (roses, beans)

  30. Circadian Rhythms-24 hour periods 1. Plants open during day and close at night • Secreting nectar when pollinators are active Communication with predators- secrete foul substances to detract herbivores Can communicate to other plants to secrete substance to protect it.

  31. Evolution • Change in a population over time

  32. Theories explain a variety of data and observations Theories maybe used to make predictions Theories can change as our knowledge of the world around us changes

  33. Why do so many different animals have the same structures but different functions? Why do organisms have structures they no longer use? Why is DNA similar in so many organisms and different in others? Why do chordate embryos look very similar in early stages?

  34. Theories • Lamark-use and disuse • The more structure is used the bigger and better it gets and structures not used decrease and disappear. • These traits (acquired characteristics) that develop during life are passed to offspring but not through genes

  35. Figure 15–7 Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Section 15-2

  36. Darwin-Father of Evolution • Origin of the Species-Book that discussed the theory of natural selection • “Survival of the Fittest”-organism best suited to the environment will survive and reproduce passing traits to next generation

  37. Natural Selection VARIATION caused by sexual reproduction occurs within a population when it needs to adapt to environment. Caused by gene shuffling during fertilization and crossing over or when a positive mutation occurs OVERPRODUCTION - More offspring are produced in each generation than can survive COMPETITION- Because live in the same area and have the same niche (job) NATURAL SELECTION - Organisms most fit to environment survive and reproduce passing these adaptations to the next generation

  38. Ex. Runt of the litter is the least likely to survive • Peppered Moth of England-Color was white until the industrial revolution left light bark trees dark. Species mutated to the dark colored moth due for camoflauge purposes

  39. Evidence of EvolutionFossils • Old fossils in lower rock layers, New in upper • Fossils tell that fewer organisms were on Earth in earlier eras and that they were less complex

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