AP European history: Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and Earth

1. AP European history: Chapter 16Toward a New Heaven and Earth The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

2. Overview • Scientific revolution questioned and ultimately challenged the beliefs of the day • Greek and Roman influence had prevailed • Pictured: Galileo The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

3. Overview • After the reformation and religious wars • Environment was created to “question” • Ecclesiastical concept? • Political realms? • Now, what about the “intellectual realm” • ???????????????? The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

4. Overview • Shift in world view from earth-centered to sun-centered cosmos impacted people emotionally and intellectually • The Scientific Revolution moved slowly but set the Western Civilization on a secular and materialistic course The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

5. Overview • Largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective • Full acceptance since 19th and 20 centuries The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

6. Overview • Difficult to arrive at new world view • Galileo outspoken critic of previous world view • New world view challenged by Catholic Church The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

7. Overview • Galileo: “I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center of the revolution of the celestial bodies, while the earth rotates on its axis and revolves about the sun” The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

8. Overview • Galileo: “…nothing physical that sense- experience sets before our eyes…ought to be called in question (much less condemned) upon the testimony of Biblical passages” The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

9. Overview • Galileo called before the Inquisition of Rome • Age 68, ill health • Kept waiting for 2 months • Found guilty of heresy and disobedience The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

10. Overview • Galileo denounced his “errors” • …I curse and detest the said errors and heresies contrary to the Holy Church” • But his ideas had been launched throughout Europe The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

11. Overview • Scientific revolution not a “revolution” in the strictest sense • Not immediate • Very gradual • Key factor in setting Western civilization along secular, materialistic path The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

12. Background to the Scientific Revolution • Science not new to the Middle Ages • Middle Ages saw much interest and curiosity • It’s “God’s handiwork” and study worthy • But, there was a limit • Pictured: Johannes Kepler The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

13. Background to the Scientific Revolution • Thinkers were subjected to the framework of earlier scientists (Ptolemy, pictured) • New findings questioned and new scientists limited as to where they could take their theories The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

14. Background to Scientific Revolution • Medieval scientists were called “natural philosophers” • Many preferred refined logical analysis • Movement toward more systematic approach • Pictured: Galen The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

15. Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists • Earlier Latin translations of Aristotle, Galen, and Ptolemy by medieval scholars were contradicted • Renaissance humanists who spoke Greek and presented newer writings of Galen, Archimedes, and Ptolemy. • It was apparent that newer thinkers had contradicted older writings The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

16. Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists • Contradictions between earlier and later writings fostered exploration: “truth finding” • Sometimes, contradictions led to rejection of classical authorities The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

17. Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists (cont) • Renaissance artists impact science • Close observation of nature • Accurate renderings of nature The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

18. Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists • Scientists study perspective and proportion • New insights • Wrote one Renaissance artists, “No painter can paint well without a thorough knowledge of geometry” The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

19. Technological Innovations and Mathematics • Fifteenth/Sixteenth centuries produced books dedicated to machines and technology • Stressed importance of innovation of techniques • Technical innovations produced scientific discoveries The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

20. Technological Innovations and Mathematics • Some knowledge achieved outside the universities through experience, insight, and innovation. Rejected abstract (school) learning The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

21. Technological Innovations and Mathematics • Inventions such as telescope, microscope, and printing press provided “tools” for learning The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

22. Technological Innovations and Mathematics (cont) • Mathematics credited with fundamental understanding of science and nature • Credit in many way to Plato—emphasized the importance of mathematics in explaining the universe The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

23. Technological Innovations and Mathematics • Key to navigation, military science, and geography • Key to understanding the nature of things • Leonardo da Vinci: God eternally geometrizes, thus nature is inherently mathematical • Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, all mathematicians, agreed The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

24. Technological Innovations and Mathematics • Mathematical reasoning promotes degree of certainty, otherwise impossible • daVinci: “Proportion is not only found in numbers and measurements, but also in sounds, weights, times, positions, and whatsoever power there may be” The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

25. Renaissance Magic • By the end of the 17th century, Hermetic magic became fused with alchemical thought into single intellectual framework • Hermeticism from Hermes Trismegistus—sage, wise Egyptian priest The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

26. Renaissance Magic • Hermes: there are three parts of wisdom • Alchemy • Astrology • Theurgy • Alchemy in earliest times was associated with astronomy The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

27. Renaissance Magic • Alchemy was not turning lead to gold, but about the Magnus Opus (“great work”) performed on the soul • Different states of matter are contingent on the vibrations of the universe The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

28. Renaissance Magic • Under Hermeticism • There are many deities but only one The All • The universe is held in the mind of The All The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

29. Renaissance Magic • Belief the world was living body of divinity • Humans possess spark of divinity • Could use magic to dominate world of nature • Employ nature’s powers to humans’ benefit • Hermetic magic • Hermetic magic used to inspire Scientific Revolution? • Visions, dreams, and intuitive ideas The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

30. Renaissance Magic • The great names of cosmology expressed interest in Hermetic ideas in astrology and alchemy • Copernicus • Kepler • Galileo • Newton The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

31. A Revolution in Astronomy Toward a New Heaven The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

32. Greatest Achievements in 16th and 17 Centuries • Fields dominated by the Greeks • Astronomy • Mechanics • Medicine • Cosmological views from Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christian theology • Geocentric conception: a series of concentric spheres with fixed/motionless earth at center The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

33. Astronomy—Geocentric Conception • Earth surrounded by spheres made of crystalline, transparent substance The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

34. Astronomy—Geocentric Conception • Spheres (planets) moved in circular motion • Thought to be nonmaterial, incorruptible “quintessence” • Aristotle: circular motion the most perfect The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

35. Astronomy—Geocentric Conception • Moving outward from the earth • Eight spheres • Contained moon, Mercury, Venus, the sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and fixed stars The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

36. Astronomy—Geocentric Conception • Beyond the tenth sphere was Empyrean Heaven • Location of God and all saved souls • Finite Ptolemaic universe—consistent with Christian thought • God at one end, humans at center The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

37. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Sun-centered universe • Studied both math and astronomy • He wrote a famous book on Heliocentric Conception • “On the revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” • Too timid to publish it • Published, May 1543, just before his death The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

38. Astronomy—Geocentric Conception • Explanation did not satisfy astronomers • Wished to find exact paths of heavenly bodies • Findings did not always correspond to accepted theme The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

39. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Nicolaus Copernicus • Wrote: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres • A contradiction to earth centered view • Timidity and fear of ridicule delayed publishing until just before death The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

40. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Argued that the universe consisted of eight spheres with sun motionless in center • Planets revolved sun The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

41. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Revolutions around sun had an order • Mercury • Venus • Earth • Mars • Jupiter • saturn The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

42. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Appearance of sun movement explained • earth’s rotation • journey of earth around sun • Raised serious questions about Aristotle astronomy The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

43. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Limited observational astronomer • Relied on others’ data • Very accomplished mathematician • Believed data didn’t “stacked up” to observed motions The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

44. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Copernicus was conservative • Calculations included Aristotle’s existence of heavenly bodies • Retained Ptolemy’s epicycles • Resulted in very complicated system The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

45. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Shift from earth centered to sun centered system raised questions about Aristotle’s physics The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

46. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Created uncertainty about humans’ role in the universe and God’s location • Protestant reformers and Luther attacked the theory: “…wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down” The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

47. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conception • Conservative theory of Copernicus was that heavenly bodies moved in circles • Fostered a very complicated mathematical theory The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

48. Copernicus—Heliocentric Conoception • Even though reformers railed against Copernicus: Philip Melanchthon, “The eyes are witness that the heavens revolve in the space of twenty-four hours” • The Catholic Church remained silent for the time being • It did not denounce Copernicus until the work of Galileo appeared The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

49. Brahe • Danish nobleman—Tycho Brahe • “The noble Dane” • Studied planets 20 years • Rejected Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system, but was not convinced the earth moved The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high

50. Brahe • Kepler takes the next major step in obliterating geocentric concept, but not without the work and material of Brahe The cross before me the world behind No turning back raise the banner high