ADS-B Technology for General Aviation Pilots

1. Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) For General Aviation Pilots 2018 Presented by: FAA Safety Team Program Manager

2. Welcome • Exits • Restrooms • Emergency Evacuation • Please Silence Cell Phones • Breaks • Sponsor Acknowledgment • Other information

3. ADS-B Subjects Rules & Airspace System & Services Avionics Capabilities & Equipment Installation Issues & Information Web Resources FAA Outreach Meetings Web Resources Flyers, Articles & Videos Social Media Panels & Seminars Conference Exhibits Speeches & Interviews www.faa.gov/go/equipadsb

4. ADS-B Rules & Airspace

5. ADS-B Out Regulations Final Rules for ADS-B Out Equipage Published May 27, 2010; compliance date is January 1, 2020 Identifies certain airspace where ADS-B Out will be required and the performance requirements for ADS-B avionics §91.225 specifies ADS-B Out equipment and use including applicable airspace §91.227 specifies ADS-B Out equipment performance requirements Rule applies to all aircraft in rule airspace, including foreign registered, except aircraft: Not originally certificated with an electrical system, or Not subsequently certified with such a system installed, including balloons and gliders Once installed, it must be on at all times (§91.225 (f))

6. ADS-B Implementation The FAA is encouraging owners to equip as soon as possible to capture the benefits of ADS-B and to ensure they will be able to access all available airspace once the mandate becomes effective The FAA has no plans to extend the compliance date of the ADS-B Out rule ADS-B Out avionics must be installedand meet the rule performance requirements to operate in applicable airspace Portable equipment DOES NOT meet the ADS-B Out rule requirements There is an ample supply of ADS-B avionics options and installation shop capacity today, but demand for both is already increasing Delaying equipage may actually cost you more and limit when & where you can fly once the mandate becomes effective

7. Understanding ADS-B Airspace Visit https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/equipadsb/research/airspace/#interactiveMap/

8. ADS-B Out Airspace Below 10,000’

9. ADS-B System & Services

10. ADS-B System Components & Characteristics

11. Why is ADS-B technology better for NAS users? Surveillance based on GPS provides many benefits to owners and pilots Radar Surveillance Surveillance based on GPS Information • Fast, precise position updates • ATC surveillance in more airspace and at lower altitudes • Increased airspace capacity and efficiency in the busiest airspace • Safety for pilots and passengers • ADS-B In capabilities such as real-time traffic and weather in the cockpit

12. Why is ADS-B technology better for the country? Better airspace utilization More precise and frequent updates will allow reduced separation and better airspace and runway utilization Better coverage Particularly in areas of mountainous terrain Lower infrastructure installation and maintenance costs Lower acquisition costs Easier siting considerations A typical ADS-B radio station can be as small as a mini-refrigerator, requiring as little as 20 square feet, including the fence around it Easier to install means more units Thereby reducing lapses in surveillancecoverage Less maintenance Therefore less cost to operate Radar Surveillance Surveillance based on GPS Information

13. Ground Infrastructure Radio Station Network • Hundreds of ADS-B ground stations have been installed throughout the U.S. • ADS-B overcomes the location, line of site and distance limitations of radar • Air traffic controllers are able to see more airspace at lower altitudes

14. Aircraft Equipment • ADS-B provides Air Traffic Control (ATC) with a more accurate picture of the aircraft’s three-dimensional position in the en route, terminal, approach and surface environments • The aircraft provides the airborne part of the system in the form of a broadcast of its identification, position, altitude, velocity, and other information Note:Proper installation and configuration of all inputs is imperative to ensure the broadcast information is correct Refer to the latest version of AC 20-165

15. Service Volume • A service volume is a defined volume of airspace within which ADS-B services, such as traffic and weather information, are available • Coverage maps identify where ADS-B pilot traffic & weather advisory services are generally available • Coverage is displayed at altitudes of 500, 1,500, 3,000, 5,000 and 10,000 feet AGL The online Google Earth ADS-B Airspace Map will be discussed later in this presentation

16. Equipment Link (Frequency) Options What You Need Based on Where You Fly • For aircraft operating above FL180 (in Class A airspace) or internationally in areas where ADS-B is required: • You must be equipped with a Mode S-transponder-based (1090ES) ADS-B transmitter • For aircraft operating below 18,000 feet and within specified U.S. airspace, you must be equipped with either: • Mode S transponder-based (1090ES) ADS-B equipment that meets the performance requirements of Technical Standard Order TSO-C166b - OR - • Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) equipment that meets the performance requirements of TSO-C154c. UAT equipment operates on 978 MHz

17. Equipment Link (Frequency) Options Which link option is best for you depends on: • Where you fly (inside of rule airspace) • Currently installed equipment (is it upgradable or is replacement necessary) • Need for additional capabilities (such as ADS-B In, WAAS LPV, etc.) • Whether you fly into international airspace (where 1090ES is the international standard)

18. ADS-Rebroadcast (ADS-R)

19. Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B) • FIS-B Provides: • Graphical National Weather Service products, pilot reports, and special use airspace • Meteorological and aeronautical data to the cockpit • Continuous broadcast over UAT frequency • FIS-B is not available • over 1090 MHz frequency

20. FIS-B Products Summary

21. FIS-B New Products • The FAA is working with the service contractor to add new products to the FIS-B Service in 2018: • Lightning • Turbulence • Cloud Tops • Icing • Graphical AIRMETS • Center Weather Advisories • Data is available and provided only for CONUS region

22. Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B)

23. TIS-B and ADS-R Traffic ADS-B Traffic “Hockey Puck” • TIS-B and ADS-R transmit traffic information that is customized to the receiving aircraft’s location • The receiving aircraft must have a compliant ADS-B Out system indicating that it is also ADS-B In equipped • When in range of an ADS-B radio station compliant aircraft will receive • TIS-B traffic within a 15 mile radius and +/- 3500 feet of their aircraft • ADS-R traffic within a 15 mile radius and +/- 5000 feet of their aircraft TIS-B ± 3500 ft. ADS-R ± 5000 ft. 30 NM

24. TIS-B Facts • Can I receive traffic information about aircraft that are not ADS-B Out equipped? • Yes, provided your aircraft is equipped with a properly functioning ADS-B Out system, an ADS-B-In system, and is within radar coverage in a ADS-B service volume. • TIS-B is a client based service that provides ADS-B In equipped aircraft with surveillance information about aircraft that are not ADS-B equipped. To qualify as a TIS-B target, an aircraft must be equipped with a transponder, and be within radar coverage. • TIS-B requires an ADS-B Out signal • Unlike FIS-B, TIS-B is not continuously broadcast and requires an ADS-B Out signal to establish services (client) and enable the broadcast of traffic data specific to the ADS-B In equipped aircraft • To get TIS-B you must be equipped with BOTH ADS-B Out and In and transmitting with minimum quality parameters

25. TIS-B Facts Can I receive traffic information if my aircraft is not ADS-B out equipped? • Aircraft equipped only with an ADS-B In receiver will receive TIS-B traffic only when located inside of another TIS-B client aircraft’s hockey puck • Air to Air ADS-B traffic may be received directly via ADS-B In

26. ADS-B Avionics

27. Equipment Avionics Components • An ADS-B Out transmitter alone will not be sufficient to meet the requirements outlined in 14 CFR 91.227 – an ADS-B Out transmitter must also be connected to a compliant position source (an aviation GPS receiver) • FAA recommends WAAS GPS that meet the performance requirements of TSO-C145 or TSO-C146 • Units readily availablemeets 14 CFR 91.227 requirements • Avionics vendors offer stand-alone GPS receivers or package them with ADS-B transmitters • Mixing and matching GPS receivers with ADS-B transmitters in the field is not permitted unless the equipment pairing was shown to be compatible via a previous certification effort with the FAA (for example, an STC) • Contact your manufacturer if you are unsure which GPS receivers are approved for your ADS-B transmitter

28. Non-TSO ADS-B Equipment For experimental-Amateur Built and experimental-Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) to operate in ADS-B rule airspace: • Equipment must meet the performance requirements of TSO-C166b or TSO-C154c • ADS-B equipment must be paired with a compliant GPS that meets the performance requirements of an FAA GPS TSO To install ADS-B equipment: • Follow the installation instructions • Non-TSO equipment requires a statement of compliance from the avionics (experimental-Amateur Built aircraft) or aircraft manufacturer (LSA aircraft), as applicable

29. Non-TSO ADS-B Equipment Considerations • Proper installation is critical to the correct ADS-B Out message elements being transmitted • Do not install uncertified equipment on aircraft with a standard airworthiness certificate • Portable ADS-B Out should not be operating (transmitting) aboard any aircraft • ADS-B transmitters that do not meet the performance requirements (non-compliant) of 14 CFR part 91.227 will not be permitted to operate in §91.225 airspace after January 1, 2020 without prior approval from ATC • FAA strongly discourages the use of non-compliant ADS-B Out equipment even in experimental aircraft outside rule airspace

30. Avionics Database Avionics Searchable Database • Manufacturers are the best source for specific avionics solutions • FAA maintains a searchable database of ADS-B avionics solutions provided by the manufacturers of all commercial and GA aircraft • List of installations that have been shown to meet the performance requirements of the ADS-B equipage rule: • List of FAA Approved V2 ADS-B Out Avionics • List of FAA Approved V2 ADS-B In Avionics List of how many aircraft are equipped for the rule: • https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/equipadsb/installation/current_equipage_levels/

31. ADS-B Performance Monitor Primary Purpose • Support FAA Flight Standards by monitoring & recording all ADS-B Out aircraft operations in the NAS & generating reports about adherence to §91.227 requirements in 14 CFR §91.225 airspace Secondary Purposes • Support avionics certification test flights • Monitor ADS-B equipage and growth • Support avionics performance trend analysis

32. Performance Monitor Generates two types of reports: • Performance reports • Certification reports • Performance report for field approvals and post installation performance verification • FAA provides a way for users to quickly and easily validate if their equipment is working properly • https://adsbperformance.faa.gov/PAPRRequest.aspx • Certification report for avionics certification of new ADS-B systems per AC 20-165B section 4.3.1.1.2 • E-mail: 9-avs-air-130flttest@FAA.gov After you install ADS-B, you should request a performance report to ensure the equipment is functioning properly and complies with applicable regulations

33. Call Sign Mismatch (CSMM) CSMM • Occurs anytime the aircraft identification listed on a flight plan does not exactly match the aircraft identification transmitted by the ADS-B transmitter (91.227(d)(8)) • Causes ATC to receive an automated CSMM Alert which increases workload • Most errors are pilot input or training errors, some are installation related, about 10% are ATC related Changeable Flight ID • If you use an approved changeable call sign (e.g., Angel Flight), you need to make sure the ADS-B equipment you purchase allows the pilot to change the transmitted flight ID (e.g., “NGF6XXX”)

34. ADS-B Installation Issues & Information

35. Post Installation Performance Statistics Over 10% of rule equipped aircraft do not fully comply with §91.227 equipment performance requirements

36. Common Installation Issues Mode 3/A issues, no code or UAT code disagrees with transponder code • Majority are remote mounted UATs with Call Sign ID Logic disabled or have issues with transponder signal monitoring Missing/partial/incorrect Flight ID • Not entered during install or by pilot on subsequent flights Software incompatibility • Can cause multiple issues including non-compliant performance and erroneous position reporting • Ensure ADS-B device & GPS software are at correct version level following installation

37. Common Installation Issues Emitter category: • “Light” aircraft (<15,500 lbs.) are incorrectly configured to transmit as “small” (>15,500 lbs.) • Emitter category 6 (High Performance) is not a Mooney • “Any airplane, regardless of weight, that can maneuver in excess of 5 G’s and maintain true airspeed above 400 knots” Mode S address (ICAO address) errors: • Results in “No Data Found” when requesting PAPR report for specific N-number • Result from entry errors during initial configuration, or from an owner or N-number change • Confusion over entry of octal versus hexadecimal formats

38. Common Installation Issues Aircraft reporting wrong ICAO addresses

39. Common Installation Issues Barometric/geometric altitude drops or spikes • Most caused by infrequent software glitches • Manufacturers working to address

40. Performance Requirement The Rule has two Requirements • You must have appropriate equipment for the airspace you’re operating in (91.225) AND • Your avionics must meet the performance requirements of 91.227 All aircraft owners are encouraged to use the Public ADS-B Performance Request (PAPR) service to verify their ADS-B Out system performance, and to correct any identified problems as soon as possible There is no charge for this service https://adsbperformance.faa.gov/PAPRRequest.aspx

41. No Services Aircraft List (NSAL) • Helps the ADS-B system keep potentially false or misleading data from reaching the controller’s display • Equipment transmitting information which could be detrimental to safe ATC operations • Will be placed on the NSAL • Will not receive TIS-B/ADS-R services • ADS-B Performance Monitor has been updated to let owners know if their aircraft is on the NSAL • Public ADS-B Performance Request (PAPR) includes this information • Notice published in the Federal Registerhttps://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/12/20/2017-27202/change-to-automatic-dependent-surveillance-broadcast-services

42. FAA and Industry Collaboration FAA and aviation industry leaders have been participating in an Equip 2020 working group to facilitate ADS-B Out equipage of aircraft by the January 1, 2020 compliance date Work Group Accomplishments: Published Technical Amendment to Final Rule to clarify that equipment must “meet performance requirements” of applicable TSOs Established ADS-B Out time-limited exemption period (Exemption 12555) AC 90-114A, Chg 1 updated to address avionics installation for Light Sport/ experimental aircraft and service availability prediction tool (SAPT) guidance Development of equipment tracking and trend analysis Commitment from aircraft certification services to prioritize ADS-B system certs Certification and installation policy changes to streamline approvals & equipage Equip 2020 Work Group

43. ADS-B Web Resources

44. Aircraft Registry Website • Aircraft reporting wrong ICAO (Mode-S) addresses • Go to: http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/

45. ADS-B Technical Guidance Documents The Technical Standard Orders (TSOs) for ADS-B avionics were approved Dec 2009; the rule requires: Equipment designed for 1090ES (1090 MHz) must meet TSO-C166b or later versions of this order; and Equipment designed for UAT (978 MHz) must meet TSO-C154c or later versions of this order Advisory Circulars AC 90-114A Change 1, ADS-B Operations Provides guidance and information on ADS-B Out in accordance with 14 CFR 91.225 and 91.227 No operational approval is required for ADS-B Out AC 20-165B, Airworthiness Approval of ADS-B Out Systems Provides installation guidance for ADS-B Out systems AC 20-172B, Airworthiness Approval of ADS-B In Systems and Applications Provides installation guidance for ADS-B In systems/applications

46. ADS-B Out Equipage Decision Tree Yes No

47. Web Site for Answers about ADS-B • Get Answers at the new Equip ADS-B website: www.faa.gov/go/equipadsb • One-stop location for information about: • Compliant ADS-B equipment • Searchable list of equipment by aircraft make & model • Interactive map of ADS-B airspace • Benefits of ADS-B Out and ADS-B In • Federal regulations and advisory circulars • Frequently asked questions • ADS-B Equipage Decision Flowchart • Public ADS-B Performance Report

48. Use the ADS-B Airspace Map to Understand Rule Airspace • Use Google Earth on your device as the platform • Download the ADS-B airspace map information from the FAA web site • Find ADS-B rule airspace where you fly

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