1. Data Encoding Data Encoding refers the various techniques of impressing data (0,1) or information on an electrical, electromagnetic or optical signal that would propagate through the physical medium making up the communication link between the two devices.

2. Plan for the Lecture • Why Encoding, Encoding Issues • Digital Data and Digital Signals • Analog Data and Digital Signals • Digital Data and Analog Signals • Analog Data and Analog Signals

3. Data and Signals • Two types of data Analog and Digital • Two types of Signals (transmission techniques) Analog and Digital

4. Advantages of Digital Transmission • The signal is exact • Signals can be checked for errors • Noise/interference are easily filtered out • A variety of services can be offered over one line • Higher bandwidth is possible with data compression

5. Advantages of Analog Transmission • Most mediums support analog transmission - used for wireless communication • The telephone infrastructure provides a relatively cheap “individual point-to-point” transmission

6. Interpreting Signals • Need to know • Timing of bits - when they start and end • Signal levels • Factors affecting successful interpreting of signals • Signal to noise ratio • Data rate • Bandwidth

7. Comparison of Encoding Schemes (1) • Signal Spectrum • Lack of high frequencies reduces required bandwidth • Lack of dc component allows ac coupling via transformer, providing isolation • Concentrate power in the middle of the bandwidth • Clocking • Synchronizing transmitter and receiver • External clock • Sync mechanism based on signal

8. Comparison of Encoding Schemes (2) • Error detection • Can be built in to signal encoding • Signal interference and noise immunity • Some codes are better than others • Cost and complexity • Higher signal rate (& thus data rate) lead to higher costs • Some codes require signal rate greater than data rate

10. Analog Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Data

11. Digital Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Data

13. Digital Data - Digital Signal • It is logical to represent digital data with a digital signal • Digital signal • Discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses • Each pulse is a signal element • Binary data encoded into signal elements • Signal changes value as the data changes value from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 • Several line encoding schemes are possible. Each has pros and cons

14. Encoding Schemes • Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L) • Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI) • Bipolar -AMI • Pseudoternary • Manchester • Differential Manchester

15. Digital Data - Digital Signal

16. NRZ pros and cons • Pros • Easy to engineer • Make good use of bandwidth • Cons • dc component • Lack of synchronization capability • Used for magnetic recording • Not often used for signal transmission

17. Problems With NRZ • Difficult to determine where one bit ends and the next begins • In NRZ-L, long strings of ones and zeroes would appear as constant voltage pulses • Timing is critical, because any drift results in lack of synchronization and incorrect bit values being transmitted

18. Biphase • Manchester • Transition in middle of each bit period • Transition serves as clock and data • Low to high represents one • High to low represents zero • Used by IEEE 802.3 • Differential Manchester • Midbit transition is clocking only • Transition at start of a bit period represents zero • No transition at start of a bit period represents one • Note: this is a differential encoding scheme • Used by IEEE 802.5

19. Digital Data - Digital Signal

20. Digital Data, Analog Signal • Amplitude shift keying (ASK) • Frequency shift keying (FSK) • Phase shift keying (PK)

21. Modulation Techniques

22. Amplitude Shift Keying • Values represented by different amplitudes of carrier • Usually, one amplitude is zero • i.e. presence and absence of carrier is used • Susceptible to sudden gain changes • Inefficient • Up to 1200bps on voice grade lines • Used over optical fiber