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BLOOD【 血液 】

BLOOD【 血液 】. 沈啸 M.D. Department of Physiology Room 516, Research Building C School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus Email: shenx@zju.edu.cn. Components of blood. Plasma （血浆） Blood Cells

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BLOOD【 血液 】

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  1. BLOOD【血液】 沈啸 M.D. Department of Physiology Room 516, Research Building C School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus Email: shenx@zju.edu.cn

  2. Components of blood • Plasma（血浆） • Blood Cells • Red Blood Cells (RBC) or Erythrocytes（红细胞, 7-8 μm, 4.2-6.1 ×106/μl ）; >95%; carry oxygen and carbon dioxide • White Blood Cells (WBC) or Leucocytes（白细胞, 10-20 μm, 3-10 ×103/μl ）; Immunity, tissue repair after injury • Platelets (PLT) or Thrombocytes（血小板, 2-3 μm, 1.5-4.5 ×105/μl) ; Clotting

  3. The hematocrit is the percent of the blood volume that is composed of RBCs . Normal value: 37-50% Plasma includes water, ions, proteins, nutrients, hormones, wastes, etc.

  4. Plasma • is prepared by spinning a tube of fresh blood containing an anti-coagulant in a centrifuge • the yellow liquid component of blood

  5. Body Fluid = 60% of Body Weight (BW) Plasma 5% of BW Extracellular Fluid 1/3, 20% of BW Interstitial Fluid 15% of BW 70 kg Male, 42 L Intracellular Fluid 2/3, 40% of BW Plasma Internal Environment

  6. Plasma Composition Water (92% of plasma) serves as transport medium; carries heat Proteins (6~8% of plasma) Inorganic constituents (1% of plasma) e.g., Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+… Nutrients glucose, amino acids, lipids & vitamins Waste products e.g., nitrogenous wastes like urea Dissolved gases O2 & CO2 Hormones (eicosanoids, steroids, and amino acid derivatives [amines, peptides, and proteins])

  7. Plasma proteins • Albumins （白蛋白）(60-80% of plasma proteins) • produced by liver • most important in maintenance of osmotic pressure • a carrier protein: binds cations (such as Ca2+, Na+ and K+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, thyroxine and pharmaceuticals • Globulins （球蛋白）(1-, 2-, -, -) • important for transport of materials through the blood (e.g., thyroid hormone & iron) • clotting factors • produced by liver except -globulins which are immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B lymphocytes • Fibrinogen（纤维蛋白原） • important in clotting • produced by liver

  8. SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Antibodies Plasma protein electrophoresis

  9. Antibodies Granulocyte/ Polymorphonuclear cells or Tissue Macrophages Dendritic cells

  10. Physical & chemical properties of blood 1. Specific Gravity（比重） Depending on hematocrit & protein composition Whole blood： 1.050~1.060 Plasma： 1.025~1.035 Red blood cells： 1.090

  11. 2. Viscosity（粘度） relative viscosity of whole blood 4~5 depending on hematocrit relative viscosity of plasma 1.6~2.4 related to the protein composition of  the plasma

  12. 3. Osmotic Pressure（渗透压） Ability of a fluid to hold or attract water The osmotic pressure of a solution depends on the number of solutes in the solution, NOT on their chemical composition and size

  13. Plasma osmotic pressure (~300 mOsm/L） • Crystalloid Osmotic Pressure（晶体渗透压） • Pressure generated by all crystal substances, particularly electrolytes • Important in maintaining fluid balance across cell membranes • Colloid Osmotic Pressure（胶体渗透压） • Osmotic pressure generated by plasma proteins, particularly albumin. • Approximately 25 mmHg, but important in fluid transfer across capillaries

  14. isosmotic solution （等渗溶液） • a solution having the same osmotic pressure as blood • 0.9% saline ~ 150 mM NaCl • 5% dextrose (glucose)

  15. 4. Plasma pH Normal range: 7.35~7.45 Buffer systems（缓冲系统）: NaHCO3/H2CO3, Pro-Na/Pro, Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 Hb-K/Hb, HbO2-K/HbO2, K2HPO4/KH2PO4, KHCO3/H2CO3

  16. Functions of blood

  17. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)（红细胞）

  18. Structure • Biconcave • No nucleus • cannot perform repair • Few organelles • Without mitochondria • anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) • Mainly composed of hemoglobin

  19. Count RBC count M: 4.0~5.5×1012/L F: 3.5~5.0×1012/L Hemoglobin（Hb, 血红蛋白） M: 120~160 g/L F: 110~150 g/L

  20. Leukocytes Overview table H&E staining Group name: granulocyte; polymorphonuclear cells

  21. Functions of WBC • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytescontribute to the body's Innate immunity. • Besides removing cell debris and secreting cytokines, dendritic cells and macrophages are the major antigen presenting cells (APCs). • T and B lymphocytesare responsible foradaptive immunity.

  22. Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Without nucleus, but can secrete a variety of substances • Tiny, 20% diameter of RBCs. • Normal value: (100~300) x 109/L • Average lifespan=7~14 days • Play an important role in hemostasis

  23. Productionof Platelets • Formation • Formed in the bone marrow from cells called megakaryocytes • Platelets are fragments of cytoplasm that are derived from the megakaryocytes • Thrombopoietin (TPO) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) are required for megakaryopoiesis

  24. Hemostasis（止血） A complex process which causes the bleeding process to stop (prevention from hemorrhage) The arrest of bleeding following injury and the result of 4 interacting, overlapping mechanisms: • Vasoconstriction • Increased tissue pressure • Formation of a platelet plug • Blood coagulation (clotting formation) Bleeding time (出血时间)：<9 min

  25. Formation of a Platelet plug 1. Adhesion Platelets adhere to the vessel wall at the site of injury vWF acts as a bridge between platelets and collagen von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a plasma protein that is secreted by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes.

  26. 2. Platelet Activation • morphological change • exocytotic event / release contents of their dense storage granules (including ATP, ADP, serotonin, Ca2+, hemostatic factors)

  27. 3. Aggregation Platelets adhere to one another at the site of injury. Activation of platelets is required

  28. Formation ofa platelet plug Platelet Adhesion Platelet Activation Fibrinogen receptor Platelet Aggregation

  29. 4. Release or secretion: Platelets contain alpha and dense granules • Dense granules: containing ADP or ATP, calcium, and serotonin • α-granules: containing platelet factor 4, PDGF, fibronectin, B-thromboglobulin, vWF, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors V and XIII

  30. 5. Contraction • Containing myosin and actin filaments • Compression and strengthening of the platelet plug Clot retraction (血块回缩)

  31. Role of platelets in hemostasis Release of vasoconstricting substances Formation of the "platelet plug" Promotion of blood clotting Clot retraction

  32. The End

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