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Water Resources

Water Resources. Water. Prerequisite for life Cannot be substituted by anything else Can be recycled and reused Needed for economic growth, environmental stability, biodiversity conservation , food security and health care Plenty of water on earth, but many millions face water scarcity.

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Water Resources

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  1. Water Resources

  2. Water • Prerequisite for life • Cannot be substituted by anything else • Can be recycled and reused • Needed for economic growth, environmental stability, biodiversity conservation, food security and health care • Plenty of water on earth, but many millions face water scarcity. • Global water cycle provides us fresh water every year.

  3. Water Why do we need it?

  4. Importance of Water • Water is the basic component of every living cell. • Two types- fresh and salt • Also classified as Soft and hard water • Water moves through different biotic and abiotic component - hydrological cycle • Industries consumes water for cooling, heating , washing etc. • It is the basic input required for agriculture. • Hydrothermal power can be used for generating hydroelectricity. • It provides habitat to aquatic flora and fauna. • Common salt can be obtained from water. • We need water to grow plants, care for animals, cook food, bath, brush our teeth, flush the toilet, and wash our clothes etc.

  5. Can you think of other uses of water?

  6. Earth: “Blue Planet”

  7. Distribution of water on Earth

  8. Pattern of water use

  9. Sources of Fresh water 1. Surface water 2. Ground water 3. Frozen water 4. Rain water

  10. Groundwater Extraction: Aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials from which ground water can be usefully extracted using water well. Aquifers are of two kinds : Confined Aquifer An aquifer which is sandwiched between two layers of less permeable materials. Unconfined Aquifer Aquifers having water table in it are called unconfined aquifers.

  11. Ground water

  12. Effects of Over Utilization of Ground water Sharp decline in water table Loss of vegetation and wildlife habitat. Water logging and salinity problems. Ground subsidence (Subsidence: A gradual sinking to a lower level) (When ground water withdrawal exceeds its rate of recharge, the sediments in the aquifer get compacted) Degradation of water quality Increase in salt contents Increase in power costs

  13. Sources of Fresh Water • Surface water: Surface water is water in a river, lake, ponds or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans, evaporation, and sub-surface seepage.

  14. Ground Water: Sub-surface water, or groundwater, is fresh water located in the pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. • Desalination: • Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water.

  15. Frozen Water: Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a water source, Glacier runoff is considered to be surface water. • Under River flow

  16. Surface water Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the oceans and evaporation.

  17. Frozen water The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles Iceberg and Polar cap store most of the fresh water on Earth

  18. Uses Of Water Productive use (Irrigation) Consumptive use (drinking, cooking etc.) Commercial use (fountains, industries etc.) Environment Activities Industrial Agriculture Household Recreational

  19. How do people use Water Resources? Divide Household Personal Use Recreationalactivities • Washing dishes • Fill the car with water • Watering the plants • Putting out the fire • Give water for the cows • Watering the grass • Washing the car • Washing the teeth • Drinking water • Take a shower • Going to the bathroom • Walk in the pool for recovering health • Go to the pool. • Go to the beach. • Walk in the pool for recovering health. • Skiing in the mountains. • Fish in the lakes. • Play with a ball in the river. Picture: Picture: Picture:

  20. USES OF WATER When we are going to use the water we have to save it dont waste it because you must of the time we think that there are a lot of water and thats why we waste it.

  21. Uses of water • Agricultural: It is estimated that 69% of worldwide water use is for irrigation, with 15-35% of irrigation withdrawals being unsustainable.Aquaculture is a small but growing agricultural use of water. • Industrial: It is estimated that 15% of worldwide water use is industrial.The distribution of industrial water usage that is varies widely, but as a whole is lower than agricultural use. This is the process of irrigation

  22. Household: It is estimated that 15% of worldwide water use is for household purposes. These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, sanitation, and gardening. • Recreational water: use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use. Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs.

  23. We use water to wash, to shower, to clean, to drink, to cook, etc. After using the water, it becomes dirty again where it then goes to a waste water plant.

  24. The Water In Our Lives • Water is one of the most important nutrients. Our body is made up of at least 60-70% of water.

  25. The water cycle • The water cycle is a very important cycle of water. • It is the producer of the evaporation, and also the rain, hail, etc.

  26. WaterCycle The water evaporates from the rivers, seas, lakes and forms clouds. When the temperature decreases the water vapor becomes liquid and rain occurs. Water returns to the surface.

  27. Rain water

  28. Wastage of water

  29. Proposals: How to conserve water Water Conservation Tips • Run your dishwasher for only full loads. • Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth. • Check your faucets and toilets for leaks. • Take shorter showers. • Shave with a mug of water. • Water your lawn in the morning or evening. • Use a cover on your pool. • Wash your car with a nozzle on the hose. • Toilet flush : waste 10 gallons of water, so don’t Use the Toilet as a Garbage Can. • Use Hot Water in need only.

  30. Measures to conserve water

  31. Water Crisis/ Calamities: Floods and Droughts

  32. Floods Floods refers to the presence of unusually large amount of water at any place or more water that can be handled by the drainage of the area. It depend on climate , nature of the collecting basins, Streams, soil, vegetative cover, amount of snow melt and rainfall. The various types of floods are Flash Floods: caused suddenly due to heavy rainfall River floods Coastal Floods (associated with cyclonic activities)

  33. Drought • A drought is a condition in which a region suffers from a severe deficiency in its water supply/ availability. Mainly due to constantly below average rain fall. Effects ecosystem and agriculture • The various kinds of drought are • Meteorological Drought • (decrease in actual rainfall) • Hydrological Drought • (drying of water reservoirs) • Agricultural Drought • (inadequate soil moisture • Which affects agricultural productivity)

  34. Dams Large reservoir of Water, in which the water of the river is blocked by constructing a strong wall of iron and concrete, and size and height of dams depend on the catchment area

  35. Dams: Benefits and Problems Advantages of Dams • Irrigation • Production of electricity • Recreation (Beautiful landscape) • Control of floods • Increase in the availability • of water for domestic as well as • industrial purposes

  36. Disadvantages of Dams • Deforestation and loss of biodiversity • Sinking of agricultural and forest land • Displacement of tribal people from their homes • Unchecked growth of aquatic weeds • Increase in water-borne and soil-borne diseases • Increase in flash floods • Increase in frequency of earthquakes • Increase in water logging and salinity • Changes in Earth's rotation • Siltation of reservoirs due to degraded catchments conditions • Emission of greenhouse gases

  37. Solutions to Water Crisis Reduce demand: • Educate people to use less water • Install water-saving devices like self-closing taps and dual-flush toilets. • Use decentralised wastewater-recycling systems in homes, apartment blocks, campuses, and industries, using natural methods like planted filters.

  38. Solutions to Water Crisis (contd) Adopt agriculture practices that require less water: • Replace water-hungry crops by those requiring less water • Promote crops that can tolerate salty water • Get more crop per drop: Use drip irrigation, sprinkler method, etc. • Return to indigenous species that can withstand drought • Switch to organic and natural farming • Persuade people to change to a vegetarian diet that would require less water for production.

  39. Solutions to Water Crisis (contd) • Reduce industrial consumption through recycling, reuse and new water-efficient technologies. • Catch the rain where it falls • Implement rain water harvesting in urban and rural areas • Retain water on land as long as possible through check dams and contour bunds allowing it to percolate into the ground. • Restore traditional system of ponds and lakes.

  40. Solutions to Water Crisis (contd) • Adopt decentralized systems of water supply and sanitation • Plan many small local catchments in place of large ones. • Implement a large number of small-scale schemes. • Adopt fairer policies • Give control of water sources to the community • Price water properly • Removing inequities in access to water

  41. Why Conservation ????:Reasons for Water Scarcity • Increasing demand: • Growing population • Rapid industrialization • Increasing irrigation needs • Growing cities • Reducing supply: • Pollution of sources • Depletion of aquifers, • Falling water tables due to excessive withdrawals • Uncertain rains due to climate change

  42. People waiting for water

  43. Conflicts over Water • More than 200 water bodies are shared by two or more countries. • Hotspots: • Nile Water Conflict: Egypt vs. Ethiopia, Brahmaputra Water Conflict: China, India, Bangladesh etc. • Inter-state disputes (e.g., Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over Caveri water) • Industries vs. Communities (.........Coca-Cola Beaverage company in Kerala.......

  44. Water harvesting (e.g., Rain water harvesting) :- Water harvesting is collecting and storing rain water for future use. The common methods of water harvesting are :- i) Digging pits, ponds, lakes etc. ii) Building small earthen dams or concrete check dam. iv) Construction of reservoirs. v) Construction of rooftop collecting units in houses. Advantages of underground water :- i) It does not evaporate easily. ii) It spreads out and recharges wells. iii) It provides moisture for irrigation of crops. iv) It does not get polluted easily. v) It does not provide breeding ground for mosquitoes and houseflies.

  45. Different methods of water harvesting

  46. RAINWATER HARVESTING

  47. We are fortunate enough to live in a place where clean water flows freely on demand, it can be easy to take it for granted. From your daily dishwashing routine to your daily shower, every drop of this natural resource is precious. Practicing conservation is not only good for the environment, but can save you money in energy bills.

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