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Understanding Blood Components: A Comprehensive Overview

Explore the composition and functions of blood including RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and hemoglobin. Learn about blood types, transfusions, and lab activities. Discover the essential role of each component in maintaining health.

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Understanding Blood Components: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. Exercise 19 Blood Portland Community College BI 232

  2. Blood • Highly specialized connective tissue that consists of formed elements (blood cells) suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma) • Formed elements comprise about 45% of total volume

  3. Erythrocyte

  4. Erythrocyte (RBC) • Flattened biconcave discs that lack nuclei and most organelles. • Most of the cytoplasm is filled with the protein hemoglobin • Function: Transport of O2 and CO2

  5. Iron Deficient RBC • More pale and smaller

  6. Sickle Cell

  7. Reticulocyte • Count: 1-2% of RBC • RBC precursor • Increased when RBC turnover is high • Still contains nuclear fragments

  8. White Blood Cells • Defend the body from pathogens and foreign proteins. • Capable of migrating from blood vessels to surrounding tissues by diapedesis.

  9. Neutrophil (Granulocyte) • Nuclei: 2 to 5 lobes connected by thin strands (polymorphonuclear) • Fine, pale lilac practically invisible granules • Lifespan of about 10 hrs

  10. Neutrophil • Count: 40- 70% 3,000-7,000 per mm3 • Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria • Functions: • Phagocytic: engulf pathogens or debris in tissues

  11. Eosinophil (Granulocyte) • Nucleus with 2 or 3 lobes connected by a thin strand • Large, uniform-sized orange-red granules

  12. Eosinophil • Count:2-4% • 100-400 per mm3 • Functions: • Phagocytic: engulf antibody-labeled materials • Release cytotoxic enzymes • Reduce inflammation

  13. Basophil (Granulocyte) • Large, dark purple, variable-sized granules • Obscure the nucleus • Irregular, s-shaped, bi-lobed nuclei

  14. Basophil • Count:<1% • 20-50 per mm3 • Functions: • Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

  15. Monocyte (Agranulocyte) • Nucleus is kidney or horse-shoe shaped • Pale cytoplasm

  16. Monocyte • Count: 2-8% • 100-700 per mm3 • Functions: • Enter tissues to become macrophages • Engulf pathogens or debris

  17. Lymphocyte (Agranulocyte) • Dark, oval to round nucleus • Cytoplasm sky blue in color

  18. Lymphocyte • Count: 20-30% • 1,500-3,000 per mm3 • Functions: • Mount immune response by direct attack or via antibodies, mediates other cellular immune response, • Includes B and T cells

  19. Platelets • Fragments of a bone marrow cell called a megakaryocyte • Count: 150-500,000 per mm3 • Function: mediates blood clotting chemically and mechanically

  20. Platelets Platelet Megakaryocytes

  21. Hemoglobin Concentrations • Normal hemoglobin concentration in females is 12-16 g/deciliter. • Normal hemoglobin concentration in males is 13-18 g/deciliter. • Hematocrit can be estimated from the hemoglobin concentration: 3x hemoglobin=hematocrit. • Normal hematocrit in females is 37-48%. • Normal hematocrit in men is 42-52%.

  22. Gender Differences in Hb • Testosterone stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis (red cell formation) in the red marrow. • Lower values in women of reproductive age may also reflect their red cell losses due to menstruation.

  23. ABO Blood Types • RBC surfaces are marked by genetically determined glycoproteins • The glycoprotein determines the blood type • Plasma contains isoantibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found on your blood cells

  24. Type A • Type A: Display only antigen A • The plasma contains antibodies against Type B

  25. Type B • Type B: Display only antigen B • The plasma contains antibodies against Type A

  26. Type AB • Type AB: Display both antigens A & B • The plasma contains no antibodies

  27. Type O • Type O: Display neither antigen • The plasma contains antibodies against A and B

  28. Blood Transfusions • Only RBC are donated. • Transfusion Reactions: The recipients plasma interacts with the donors RBC • Causes clumping then hemolysis

  29. RH blood groups • People with Rh agglutinogens on RBC surface are Rh+. Normal plasma contains no anti-Rh antibodies • Antibodies develop only in Rh- blood type & only with exposure to the antigen • Transfusion of positive blood • During a pregnancy with a positive blood type fetus • Transfusion reaction upon 2nd exposure to the antigen results in hemolysis of the RBCs in the donated blood

  30. Possible Not Possible Possible Not Possible

  31. Lab activities • ID blood cells on slides can use prepared class slides or make your own. • Do differential white blood cell count • Determine your blood type

  32. The End The End

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