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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. The Respiratory System. Respiration. Function conducting zone - air to lungs respiratory zone - alveoli and capillaries Processes pulmonary respiration external respiration respiratory gas transport internal respiration - alveoli. Upper Respiratory Structures.

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 The Respiratory System

  2. Respiration • Function • conducting zone - air to lungs • respiratory zone - alveoli and capillaries • Processes • pulmonary respiration • external respiration • respiratory gas transport • internal respiration - alveoli

  3. Upper Respiratory Structures • The nose and nasal cavity • functions • humidifies “moistens” for 02 diffusion • warms to speed up diffusion • cleans with cilia • Cleans & moistens with mucus • structures • nostrils - external nares • nasal septum • nasal cavity - houses sinuses

  4. Paranasal Sinuses • location • frontal sphenoid ethmoid maxillary • functions • warm moisten and clean • lighten skull • speech resonance • problems • rhinitis - inflammation of nasal mucosa • sinusitis - inflammation of sinuses • Pharynx • 5 inch muscular pathway for food and air • Uvula – flap which covers the nasal opening when swallowing • tonsils

  5. Lower Respiratory System • Larynx “ voice box” • epiglottis - flap closes when you swallow • glottis - slit like passage between vocal cords • vocal folds – vibrate for voice production • Thyroid cartilage- “Adam’s apple” • Trachea • windpipe 4 inches • lined w/ cilia , mucus, pseudostratified • C shaped rings of cartilage • Heimlich manuever • tracheostomy - surgical opening

  6. Bronchi • right & left branch into each lung • bronchial tubes • bronchioles • alveolar sacs – alveoli surrounded by capillaries

  7. Breathing or Ventilation • Factors Involved - 12-15breaths / min • inspiration - air in • expiration – air out MRV 6 L / min TV 500 ml / breath • atmospheric pressure • intrapleural pressure • Boyle’s Law • pressure of a gas varies inversely w/ volume

  8. Inspiration • air going in • sequence • ribs move up and out • diaphragm moves down “Contracts” • larger chest cavity volume up • pressure drops • air goes in • Expiration • passive process relaxation of inspiratory muscles • sequence • ribs down and in • diaphragm relaxes moves up • smaller chest cavity volume down • pressure up • air goes out • abdominal muscles help force out air

  9. Nonrespiratory Air Movements • cough • forces glottis open • Sneeze- air out thru nasal cavities • crying & laughing • short inspirations • hiccups • spasms of diaphragm - phrenic nerve • yawn • deep inspiration

  10. Air Volumes and Capacities • Spirometer * • measures respiratory capacity • tidal volume * • TV 500 ml , normal breathing • inspiratory reserve volume • forced inhalation 2100 - 3100 ml • expiratory reserve volume • air forced out 1200 ml • residual volume * • 1200 ml , keep lungs & alveoli inflated • inspiratory capacity • TV & IRV = 3600 ml • expiratory capacity • TV & ERV = 1700 ml

  11. functional residual capacity • 2400 ml • vital capacity * • total amount of exchangeable air 4800 ml • total lung capacity • 6000 ml TV + IRV + ERV + RV • anatomical dead space • 150 ml air in conducting passways

  12. Respiratory Sounds • bronchial • air rushing in • rales • rasping • wheezing • whistling

  13. Respiratory Disorders • COPD • chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder • features • history of smoking • dyspnea - labored breathing • frequent coughing / infections • hypoxic : retain CO2 • emphysema • pink puffers • alveoli enlarges , air goes in hard to exhale and airways collapse • chronic bronchitis • blue bloaters • a lot of mucus inflammation CO2 retained chronic infections

  14. Lung Cancer • 1/3 of all cancer deaths in U.S. & 90% are smokers • Second leading cause of death in US • squamous cell • adenocarcinoma • small cell carcinoma

  15. Developmental Aspects • Surfactant • detergent like lipoprotein • reduces water cohension & keeps alveoli sacs inflated • IRDS • infant respiratory distress syndrome • premature babies • Cystic Fibrosis • oversecretion of mucus • SIDS- sudden infant death syndrome • Asthma • chronic inflammation of bronchial passageways • Others • hypersensitive irritants, tuberculosis & pneumonia, sleep apnea

  16. Gas Transport • Transport of Oxygen • attached to hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin • temperature effect temp goes up • more oxygen released into tissues • pH effect pH drops • more oxygen released - less hemoglobin affinity happens during exercise • impairments of oxygen • hypoxia • not enough O2 to cells • Anemia, blockage, lack of blood • CO poisoning • CO binds with hemoglobin

  17. Control of Respiration • Phrenic and Intercostal Nerves • move diaphragm and ribs • Respiratory Centers • medulla - respiratory rhythm 12-18 breaths/min • pons - transition from expiration to inspiration • Factors influencing respiratory rate • physical • exercising, talking, coughing, body temp. • Volition “conscious” • hold breath, singing • emotional • excited scared, sympathetic • chemical • levels of CO2 and O2 and pH of blood

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