Are cognitive processes embodied in the motor system?

1. Are cognitive processes embodied in the motor system? Daniel T. Smith

2. Embodied Visual Cognition • Mental processes are influenced by the state of extra-neural bodily organs • ‘Motor’ theories of visuospatial cognition Oculomotor Readiness Hypothesis (Klein 1980) Functional Equivalence (Jeannerod 1994) Mental imagery CovertAttention Premotor Theory (Rizzolatti et al., 1987) Scanpath theory Spatial working memory Visual Attention Model (Schnieder et al., 1996) “Looking at nothing” Oculomotor Loop (Baddeley 1984)

3. Tests of embodied spatial attention Neurophysiological (non-human primates) Neuropsychological Neuroimaging Behavioural Associations Montagnini & Castet van der Stigchel & de Vries Nobre et al., Perry & Zeki Deubel & Schneider . Moore et al., Rizzolatti et al. Sheliga et al. Ignashchenkova et al. Shepherd et al. Weaver et al., Rayner et al Van der Stigchel et al. Corbetta et al., Reuter-Lorenz & Fendrich Craighero et al. Craighero et al. Kustov & Robinson. Stelmach et al. Posner & Rafal Crovitz & Davis (1962) Belopolsky et al., Kowler et al., Smith & Schenk Smith et al. Casteau & Smith Hanning et al., Blangero et al. Gabay et al., Smith et al. Smith et al. Benson et al., Ladavas et al., Klein & Pontefract Hunt & Kingstone Wollenberg et al Juan et al., Klein Dunne et al. Kodaka et al., Thompson et al., Maclean et al. 2020 1980 1990 2010 2000 Born et al., Sato & Schall Dissociations Casteau & Smith Vision2019, 3(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision3020017

4. Patient AI • Paralysis of the eyes • Neurologically normal • Disrupted motor system should be associated with deficits of spatial cognition… • Other examples of similar dissociations in PSP & Duanes Syndrome (Gabay et al., 2010; Rafal et al., 1989) Smith, Rorden & Jackson (2004) Current Biology (14)9

5. Ok, what about typical participants?  Eye-abduction technique (Craighero et al., 2005) Endogenous Exogenous Smith, D.T., Schenk, T. & Rorden, C. (2012). JEP: HPP 38(6): 1438-1447.

6. OK, but maybe it only works in cueing Smith, D.T., Ball, K. & Ellison, A. (2014). Vision Research95: 11-17.

7. Ahh, but the eye is in a funny position! • Measured each participants Effective Oculomotor Range (EOMR) • Exp.1: Exogenous : SOAs of 100, 200, 300 & 600ms • Exp.2, Endogenous: SOAs of 400 & 700ms • Exp.3: Both in same task • Scaled by cortical magnification factor (Rovamo & Virsu, 1979) Casteau, S. & Smith, D.T. (2018). Cortex

8. Yeah, but what about visual search?

9. Ha! Isn’t this just an eccentricity effect? Set Size  5 8 Conjunction Feature

10. What about VSWM? 

12. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy • 10 people with PSP • 15 people with Parkinson’s • Corsi blocks task • Horizontal or vertical alignment Smith, D.T. & Archibald, N. (2018). Spatial Working Memory in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Cortex

13. Summary • Motor theories of cognition hold attention & WM embodied in eye-movement system • Some, but not all aspects of visuospatial cognition are embodied in the motor system

14. Where next? • Theory: • A Motor Bias Theory of Attention • Applications: • Compensatory approaches to neuropsychological rehab? • Dunhill Medical Trust grant to explore diagnosis of PSP • Future directions: • What about visual, spatial and motor imagery? 

15. Thanks • SoazigCasteau • Schenk & Stefan van der Stigchel • Stephen Jackson & Chris Rorden • Neil Archibald • Keira Ball, David Pearson