HUM 2461 Humanities of Latin America Spring 2014

1. HUM 2461Humanities of Latin AmericaSpring 2014 Attendance Artistic Movements: Renassainceand “lo barroco.” Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. SorJuana Inés de la Cruz.

2. What is Renaissance in europe? The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo (1511–1512) http://www.artofmanliness.com/2010/07/16/man-knowledge-the-basics-of-art-the-renaissance/

3. What is Renaissance in latinamerica? Virgin of Carmen Saving Souls in Purgatory, by Diego Quispe Tito, 17th century, collection of the Brooklyn Museum

4. Characteristics of Renaissance • Growing split between secular and religious powers. • Knowledge began to be democratized. • Individuals began to assert their private right to seek and achieve personal glory and fame.

5. El incagarcilaso de la vega Inca Empire Tawantinsuyo Cusco

6. lo barroco in the viceroyalty of peru Cuzco School of Art: • Used bright colors and distorted (Mannerist style), dramatic images • Predominance of red, yellow and earth colors. • Remarkable for their lavish use of gold leaf, especially with images of the Virgin Mary. • Warrior angels became a popular motif in Cusqueña paintings.

7. characteristics of lo barroco in literature • Extreme decoration • Subtle conceits (clever plays on words): language is “slippery ground” • Maximum culture (knowledge, all the reading of humanities) • Extreme respect to the authority

8. Inca Garcilaso de la Vega(16th century) • Gómez Suárez de Figueroa • El Inca • Cusco, 12 April 1539 – Spain, 23 April 1616 • Chronicler and writer

9. The Dilemma in the incagarcilaso From two different worlds: • Son of a Spanish captain. • Son of an Inca princess.

10. His position in the new world (Spain) • First bilingual writer (Quechua & Spanish) • First educated indigenous, but he was “The Other” • Nobility did not help much in Spain. • Ambassador of the Inca Empire. • Need of teaching Spaniards about Inca culture throughout writing. • In spite of being a man, he did not have a position in the Spanish patriarchal society (just like women).

11. Why did he choose literature in stead of other artistic expression? • Because of his dilemma: From two powerful worlds: • Inca Empire • Spanish Empire. • Because of his participation in one of the many revolts against the Crown in Cusco: • His father (Spanish captain and conquistador SebastiánGarcilaso de la Vega y Vargas) was dishonorable discharged by the Crown.

12. His writings • La Florida del Inca (Lisbón, 1605) • It’s an account of Hernando de Soto's expedition and journey of Florida. • Comentariosreales de los Incas (Lisbón, 1609/1616) / The Royal Commentaries of the Incas (English translation, 1961) • It’s an account of the Inca culture (it’s history, arts and architecture, and religion)

13. La Florida del Inca (1605) A proposed route for the de Soto Expedition, based on Charles M. Hudson map of 1997

14. La Florida del Inca (Lisbón, 1605) Why does he write about Native Americans from Florida, but Native Americans from the Inca civilization?

15. LIBRO I -- CAPITULO IIDescripción de la Florida, y el primer descubridordella, y el segundo y el tercero El primer españolquedescubrióla Florida fue Juan Ponce de León, caballero natural del reino de León, hombre noble, el cual, habiendosidogobernador de la isla de San Juan de Puerto Rico, comoentonces no entendiesen los españolessino en descubrirnuevastierras, armódos carabelas y fue en demanda de unaislaquellamaban Bimini y segúnotrosBuyoca, donde los indiosfabulosamentedecíanhabíaunafuentequeremozaba a los viejos, en demanda de la cualanduvomuchosdíasperdido, sin la hallar. Al cabo de ellos, con tormenta, dio en la costa al septentrión de la isla de Cuba, la cual costa, porserdía de Pascua de Resurreccióncuando la vio, la llamóla Florida, […]

16. book I -- CHAPTER IIITHOSE WHO HAVE ATTEMPTED THE CONQUEST OF FLORIDA. JUAN PONCE DE LEON Was the first who discovered Florida. Ile was a gentleman, born in the kingdom of Leon, and had been governor of the island of Porto Rico. As the Spaniards then thought only of making new discoveries, he equipped two caravels, and endeavored by every means to discover the island of Bimini, on account of the report that there was there a fountain which restored youth to old men. But after having searched in vain for this island, a tempest cast him upon the coast which is opposite the north part of Cuba; and he named this continent Florida, and without considering whether it was an island or the mainland, he proceeded to Spain to ask permission to conquer it, and obtained it.

17. Comentariosreales de los Incas (1609) Drawing by Inca GuamánPoma de Ayala

18. Comentariosreales de los Incas (1609) Drawing by Inca GuamánPoma de Ayala

19. Comentariosreales de los Incas (Lisbón, 1609) • SPANISH VERSION: • Libro I – Capítulo XV “El orígen de los Incas reyes del Perú” (p47) • ENGLISH VERSION: • Book I -- Chapter VII “The Original of the Incas, Who Were Kings of Perú” (p11)

20. Libro I – Capítulo XV“El orígen de los Incas reyes del Perú” Viviendo o muriendoaquellasgentes de la maneraquehemosvisto, permitió Dios NuestroSeñorque de ellosmismossaliese un lucero del alba que en aquellasoscurísimastinieblas les diesealgunanoticia de la ley natural y de la urbanidad y respetosque los hombres debíantenerseunos a otros, y que los descendientes de aquél, procediendo de bien en mejorcultivasenaquellasfieras y lasconvirtiesen en hombres, haciéndolescapaces de razón y de cualquierabuenadoctrina, paraquecuandoesemismo Dios, sol de justicia, tuvieseporbien de enviar la luz de susdivinosrayos a aquellosidólatras, los hallase, no tan salvajes, sinomásdócilespararecibir la fecatólica y la enseñanza y doctrina de nuestra Santa Madre IglesiaRomana,[…]

21. Pop QUIZ • What is Renaissance? • What is Baroque? • What is “lo barroco” in Perú? • Who is the maximum exponent in literature? • What does he represent? • What did he write?

22. See you Tuesday Hasta el martes Àmardi AtéterÇa-feira

23. Sorjuaninés de la cruz Aztec Empire Mesoamérica México

24. METAPHOR • A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in "a sea of troubles" or "All the world's a stage" (Shakespeare). • Which is yours?, get a piece of paper and write down a metaphor!

25. Sorjuanainés de la cruz(17th century) • Juana de Asbaje y Ramírez • Sor Juana • México, nov. 12th, 1651-April 17th, 1695 • Writer and poet.

26. 1651 - 1695 / San Miguel Nepantla / Mexico

27. Two main contributions • Against the role of church. Expressed in prose, mainly. • Against patriarchal societies. Expressed in poetry.

28. Most important literary work • Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was an exceptional XVII-century nun who set precedents for feminism long before the term or concept existed. • Her defense (letter) "Respuesta a SorFilotea” (Reply to Sister Philothea) is a maverick work outlining the logical sense of women’s education more than 200 years before Virginia Woolf’s “A Room of One’s Own.” • Her poetry, meanwhile, states in bold language the potency of the feminine in both love and religion. • Poems such as “You Men” and “First Dream” pointed out how women were mistreated by men and society.

29. 1) Against the role of church:“Respuesta a sorfilotea” It is an answer to Francisco Aguiar y Seijas, Archbishop of Mexico, defending herself. What is “Respuesta a SorFilotea”?

30. respuestaa sorfilotea • Gives a critique of Padre Antonio de Vieira’s famous sermon. • Bishop of Puebla publishes it as “Missive Worthy of Athena.” (1691) • Includes a letter of his own, admonishing Sor Juana for her “Intellectualism” under the pen name SorPhilothea de la Cruz.

31. Fragments of“respuesta a sorfilotea” • The publication of my work is a blessing which makes me feel unworthy. • I can’t thank you because I don’t know how, not because I’m ungrateful. I want to benefit more from your goodness; you can help to shape my intellect. • Butyour kindness does prompt me to answer, and I understand your warning to be against my secular writings. But how should I write of sacred things if I might misunderstand them? I don’t study to write or teach but to be less ignorant.

32. Fragments of“respuesta a sorfilotea” • How much harm would be avoided in our country if older women were as learned as Laeta and knew how to teach in the way Saint Paul and my Father Saint Jerome direct! • Instead of which, if fathers wish to educate their daughters beyond what is customary, for want of trained older women and on account of the extreme negligence which has become women's sad lot, since well-educated older women are unavailable, they are obliged to bring in men teachers to give instruction…

33. Fragments of“respuesta a sorfilotea” • As a result of this, many fathers prefer leaving their daughters in a barbaric, uncultivated state to exposing them to an evident danger such a familiarity with men breeds.

34. Some points • Laeta’s knowledge  Be able to learn (women can have knowledge as Laeta). • Saint Paul and Father Saint Jerome be able to teach (women can teach women). • Uneducated women Ignorance is dangerous. • Women become an easy prey  Opens discussion over rape.

35. Last lines of “respuesta…” • And if you say I shouldn’t write poetry because I am a woman, you are saying the evil is in my being a woman – because there is no evil in poetry. Besides, I’ve only written when begged to by others. Even the piece you respond to [the prose critique] was not written by my own volition and I did not intend someone like you to ever read it. It has been criticized, but I deem it better not to defend it, because the truth will speak for itself. Praise is more harmful than criticism, anyway, as it tempts one to pride. • I will ask your correction of any further writing I do. • I hope I have not been too familiar. • I request God’s blessings on you.

36. Conclusions for “RESPUESTA…” • Sor Juana turned around the logic used by the Church to justify her oppression and subverted it into a magnificent defense for women's intellectual rights and education. • Though the letter’s tone is superficially humble, Sor Juana forcefully insists that women have a natural right to the mind. Her use of biblical evidence to support her call for strong, educated women is downright clever -- and has earned her recognition for her rhetorical skills.

37. Conclusions for “RESPUESTA…” • “Respuesta a SorFilotea” brought indignation from the Church and unwanted attention from the Inquisition. • To save herself, Sor Juana was forced to stop writing and to give up her books.

38. Characteristics of baroque On her writing (?) On her life (?) On her attitude (?)

39. 2) Against patriarchal societies. through POETRY: “YOU men” Hombres neciosqueacusáisa la mujer sin razón,sin verquesois la ocasiónde lo mismoqueculpáis:si con ansia sin igualsolicitáissudesdén,¿porquéquereisqueobrenbiensilasincitáis al mal?Combatíssuresistenciay luego, con gravedad,decísquefueliviandadlo quehizo la diligencia. Silly, you men-so very adeptat wrongly faulting womankind,not seeing you're alone to blamefor faults you plant in woman's mind.   After you've won by urgent pleathe right to tarnish her good name,you still expect her to behave—you, that coaxed her into shame.   You batter her resistance downand then, all righteousness, proclaimthat feminine frivolity,not your persistence, is to blame.

40. “YOU men” Pues¿paraquéosespantáisde la culpa quetenéis?Queredlascuallashacéiso hacedlascuallasbuscáis.Dejad de solicitar,y después, con másrazón,acusaréis la aficiónde la queosfuere a rogar.   Bien con muchasarmasfundoquelidiavuestraarrogancia,pues en promesa e instanciajuntáisdiablo, carne y mundo. So why are you men all so stunnedat the thought you're all guilty alike?Either like them for what you've made themor make of them what you can like.   If you'd give up pursuing them,you'd discover, without a doubt,you've a stronger case to makeagainst those who seek you out.   I well know what powerful armsyou wield in pressing for evil:your arrogance is alliedwith the world, the flesh, and the devil!

41. Dream vision DREAM ALLEGORY • Emerged as a poetic genre in the Middle Ages. • Kind of narrative. • Narrator falls asleep and dreams the events of the tale. • The story is often a kind of allegory  a tour of some marvelous realm. • Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy (c. 1320) • The dream vision was much favored by medieval poets, most of them influenced by the 13th‐century Roman de la rose by the French poets Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung.

42. First Dream, 1692 Primero sueño • Her most celebrated work. • Silva(a poetic form combining verses of 7 and 11 syllables) • Describes through the form of a dream the soul's rising toward knowledge, employing extensively Sor Juana's knowledge of the sciences. • The poem is baroque style, yet seems to foreshadow the Enlightenment in its scientifically oriented worldview. • Interpretations of ”Primerosueño” are diverse. It has been variously described as metaphysical, as a defense of the private viewpoint, and as a work that in outlook foreshadows modern Mexican nihilism. • Regardless of interpretation, it is perhaps her most important piece, particularly because of her claim that it was the only work she composed on her own impulse rather than at the request of another.

43. Spanish poets leading topics similar to hers: death • Jorge Manrique (1440-1479) • “Coplaspor la muerte de supadre”/ “Stanzas on his father’s death” Recuerdeel alma dormida, avive el seso y despiertecontemplandocómo se pasa la vida, cómo se viene la muerte tan callando,cuán presto se va el placer, cómo, después de acordado, da dolor;cómo, a nuestroparecer, cualquieratiempopasadofuemejor.

44. Spanish poets leading topics similar to hers: death • “Stanzas on his father’s death” Let from its dream the soul awaken,     And reason mark with open eyes        The scene unfolding,— How lightly life away is taken,     How cometh Death in stealthy guise,—         At last beholding; What swiftness hath the flight of pleasure     That, once attained, seems nothing more         Than respite cold; How fain is memory to measure     Each latter day inferior         To those of old.

45. Spanish poets leading topics similar to hers: dream • *Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561-1627) • “A un sueño”/”A dream” Elsueño (autor de representaciones),En suteatro, sobre el vientoarmado,Sombrassuelevestir de bulto bello. Síguele; mostrárateel rostroamado,Y engañarán un ratotuspasionesDos bienes, queserándormir y vello.

46. Spanish poets leading topics similar to hers: dream • “A un sueño”/”A dream” The Dream (author of representations), In the theater, on the wind armed Shadows usually wear beautiful package. Follow him; mostraráte the beloved face, And deceive a while your passions Two goods, you will sleep and hair.

47. Spanish poets leading topics similar to hers: dream • *Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600-81) • “La vidaessueño” (Life is a Dream) ¿Quées la vida? Un frenesí.¿Quées la vida? Unailusión,unasombra, unaficción,y el mayor bienespequeño;quetoda la vidaessueño,y los sueños, sueños son.

48. Spanish poets leading topics similar to hers: dream • “Life is a Dream” What is life? A madness. What is life? An illusion, a shadow, a story. And the greatest good is little enough; for all life is a dream, and dreams themselves are only dreams.

49. What do you think el incagarcilaso and sorjuana have in common? • Illustrated foreigners. • Belong to the Renaissance period, but live under a ruled society (Spain in México). • Educated writers. • No position in the patriarchal world.

50. See you Thursday Hasta el jueves Àjeudi Atéquinta-feira