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The States in India and Foreign Policy: Interests, Influence and Implications

The States in India and Foreign Policy: Interests, Influence and Implications. Jabin T Jacob SPIRIT, Sciences Po, Bordeaux 9 April 2010. China and its Provinces. unitary, single-party system Beijing vs. provinces hierarchy of provinces 1949-1978 location, size leaders in Politb , PLA

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The States in India and Foreign Policy: Interests, Influence and Implications

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  1. The States in India and Foreign Policy:Interests, Influence and Implications Jabin T Jacob SPIRIT, Sciences Po, Bordeaux 9 April 2010

  2. Chinaand its Provinces • unitary, single-party system • Beijing vs. provinces • hierarchy of provinces • 1949-1978 • location, size • leaders in Politb, PLA • post-1978 • world trade, FDI • education • provincial diaspora • influence exercised • 1949-1978 • budgets • tenure of leaders • openness to the outside • post-1978 • preferential policies • location of major events

  3. India and its Provinces • 1947-1989 - federal, single-party • post-1989 – federal, multi-party, reforms and opening up of economy • hierarchy of provinces • 1947-1989 • members in Parliament • GDP • post-1989 • world trade, FDI • education, infrastructure • provincial diaspora • influence exercised/constrained • 1947-1989 • members in Parliament • location / national security • post-1989 • coalition governments

  4. Indian Provinces and Foreign Policy Legally, • provinces have no right • Executive negotiates, signs and ratifies treaties • Parliament only legislates to implement ratified international agreements In practice, provinces affect foreign policy: • who • governments, parties, interest groups • why • events in province • interest in events across borders • interest in treaties • results • trade-offs domestically

  5. 2 Phases 1947- 1989 • centrist Indian National Congress in power • little or no provincial involvement or input visible in foreign policy post-1989 • provincial parties grow in power • coalition governments at the centre • liberalization and growth of the Indian economy • higher degree of provincial input and interest in foreign policy visible • results in trade-offs domestically • results in complication of bilateral relations with other countries

  6. India and its Neighbourhood

  7. Provincial India and its Neighbourhood

  8. Provincial India and its Neighbourhood

  9. Provincial India and its Neighbourhood • original reasons for the division of the Indian subcontinent • religion, language • 60-odd years of international borders • language and slang, customs, trade routes change • family links weaken • strong centripetal / “provinpetal” forces • historical memory remains strong • ethnic linkages • family links survive, marriage across borders • development of technology and communication • supports irredentism • provincial governments in India and China are becoming stronger • want to take advantage of ethnic and historical linkages • economic reasons – competition with other provinces

  10. Kashmir – Pakistan, China 1947-1989 • India x Pak • India x China • New Delhi x Kashmir post-1989 • New Delhi x Kashmir • India x Pak • India x China

  11. NE India – China, Bangladesh, SE Asia 1947-1989 • India x China • India x NE provincial interest groups post-1989 • New Delhi + NE provincial governments • New Delhi x NE provincial interest groups • India x/+ China • India x/+ Bangladesh • India +/x Myanmar • India + Southeast Asia

  12. Tamil Nadu – Sri Lanka, Malaysia 1947-1991 • India +/x SL • Tamil Nadu x SL • New Delhi x Tamil Nadu post-1991, 2007 • Tamil Nadu x/+ SL • India + SL • New Delhi x/+ Tamil Nadu • Tamil Nadu +/x Malaysia • India + Malaysia

  13. Gujarat – Africa 1947-1989 • India + Africa • Gujarat +/? Africa post-1989, 2008 • India + Kenya • New Delhi x Gujarat • Gujarat ? Africa

  14. Kerala – ASEAN 1947-1989 • India +/- ASEAN • Kerala +/? ASEAN post-1989, 2009 • India + ASEAN • New Delhi +/x Kerala • Kerala ?/x ASEAN

  15. Implications • centre-province relations in India • increasing political power of provinces at the centre • greater activism and interest or capacity for intervention in foreign policy matters • will the Indian Parliament have a greater say in India’s international affairs? • trade-offs by centre to provinces over foreign policy issues • Kerala and ASEAN FTA • Northeast India and Look East Policy? • inter-provincial competition for trade and FDI

  16. Implications • impact on Indian foreign policy • affects India’s relations with other countries • ethnic issues, diaspora linkages • Tamil Nadu – Sri Lanka, Malaysia • Punjab –Pakistan, Canada, US, France • Gujarat – Kenya • affects India’s ability to negotiate • Indo-US civilian nuclear deal, 2008 – provincial parties • India-ASEAN FTA, 2003-2009 - Kerala • for the rest of the world • foreign governments need to pay attention to local/provincial conditions and politics • foreign governments can influence provinces • inter-provincial competition for trade and FDI

  17. Two Punjabs

  18. West Bengal and Bangladesh

  19. An Older India

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