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CERVICAL CANCER...

CERVICAL CANCER. Diagnosis ＆ Treatment. CERVICAL CANCER. The most common malignancy in gynecological oncology Incidence: 7.8/100,000 Mortality: 2.7/100,000 Diagnosis: biopsy Main modality of treatment: surgery and radiation Goal of treatment: cure, except stage 4b. Special Case.

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CERVICAL CANCER...

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  1. CERVICAL CANCER... Diagnosis ＆ Treatment

  2. CERVICAL CANCER... • The most common malignancy in gynecological oncology • Incidence: 7.8/100,000 • Mortality: 2.7/100,000 • Diagnosis: biopsy • Main modality of treatment: surgery and radiation • Goal of treatment: cure, except stage 4b

  3. Special Case • 38 yrs, G3/P1, nurse • C/O: postcoital bleeding for 2 months • Menstruation regular with 30 days cycle and 5 days duration. Abnormal discharge with bad smell. LMP: 12 days ago • Pap smear: squamous cell cancer • PV: Vulva : Normal, • Vaginal: yellowish discharge with bloody stained, • Cervix: growth with ulceration and contact bleeding. • Uterus: N/S, mobile. • Parametrium: thickening not to pelvic sidewall on both side

  4. CERVICAL CANCER….. • How can we make a diagnosis? • How can we evaluate the patient? • How can we manage the patient? • How should we explain to the patient? • Can we prevent cervical cancer?

  5. How can we make a diagnosis? SYMPTOMS • Abnormal vaginal bleeding postcoital bleeding* contact bleeding • Abnormal vaginal discharge • Asymptomatic, just abnormal pap smear

  6. SYMPTOMS • The classic symptom is intermittent, painless metrorragia or spotting only postcoitally or after douching. • Probably the first symptom of early cancer of the cervix is a thin, watery, blood-tinged vaginal discharge that frequently goes unrecognized by the patients. • As the maligancy enlarges, the bleeding episodes become heavier and more frequent, and they last longer.

  7. SYMPTOMS • Late symptom or indicators of more advanced disease include the development of pain referred to the flank or leg. • Many patients c/o dysuria, hematuria or rectal bleeding or obstipation resulting from bladder or rectal invasion. • Distant metastasis and persistent edema of one or both lower extremities as a result of lymphatic and venous blockage by extensive pelvic wall disease are late manifestation of primary disease and frequent manifestations of recurrent disease.

  8. How can we make a diagnosis? • SIGNS • Vagina: mucous, fornix • Cervix: erosion growth ulceration barrel-shaped • Uterus: size, mobility • Paramet: thickening

  9. Gross appearence • Three categories of gross lesions have traditionally been described. • The most common is the exophytic lesion, which usually arises on the ectocervix and ofter grows to form a large, friable,polypoid mass, arises on the endocervical canal, creating barrel-shaped lesion. • Little visible ulceration or exophytic mass like a stone-hard cervix that regresses slowly with radiation therapy. • Ulcerative tumor,usually erodes a portion of the cervix or replacing the cervix , erodes a portion of the upper vaginal vault with a large crate.

  10. How can we make a diagnosis? CLINICAL TESTS: • Pap smear • Colposcopy and target biopsy • Endocervical curettage (ECC) • Cone biopsy • Biopsy

  11. Pap smear • Pap smear is the most common and effective screening method. • Exfoliated cervical cells are scraped from the cervix by spatula. The entire T zone must be sampled. Incomplete sampling could produce a false-negative smear. • The endocervical canal is also sampled with a swab or cytobrush. • Cells are fixed immediately to avoid air-drying cytologic artifacts

  12. Pap Smear Show Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  13. Colposcopy and directed biopsy • A pap smear is only a screening test. A definitive diagnosis requires inspection of a well-visualized cervix with a colposcope. • The cervix is painted with 3% acetic acid solution to enhance surface alterations and vascular changes. • The colposcope evaluation is considered adequate or satisfactory if the complete T zone and full extent of the lesions is visualized. • Areas of abnormality(e.g., White epithelium, mosaicism, and punctation) are selectively punch biopsied.

  14. Colposcopy Examination

  15. Cone biopsy • Indications for cone biopsy 1.The lesion cannot be fully visualized . 2.The ECC is positive 3.There is significant discrepancy between the Pap smear and biopsy. 4.A biopsy reveals microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma 5.A biopsy reveals adenocarcinoma in situ

  16. How can we make a diagnosis? • A pap smear is only a screening test! • Definitive diagnosis of cervical cancer requires a BIOPSY!

  17. How can we evaluate the patient? Histologic type: • Squmous cell carcinoma ( SCC) 80% • Adenocacinoma 10%-15% • Others 5%-10%

  18. Routes of spread • Into the vaginal mucosa, extending microscopically down beyond visible or palpable disease; • Into the myometrium of the low uterine segment and corpus, particularlly with lesions arising from the endocervix. • Into the paracervical lymphatics and from there to the most common involved lymph nodes ( the obturator; hypogastric, and external iliac nodes). • Direct extending into adjacent structures or parametria, reaching to the obturator fascia and the wall of the true pelvis

  19. How can we evaluate the patient? • Stage: Pelvic examination, Rectovaginal examination, Intravenous pyelography(IVP) Ultrasonography or CT • Staging is clinical, but can use IVP and CT • Cervical cancer is the only gynecologic malignancy that is not surgically staged

  20. Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma • Stage 0 Carcinoma in-situ; Confined to the epithelium only

  21. Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma • Stage I Invasion is strictly confined to the cervix • Ia: Invasive cancer identified only microscopically . • Ia1: Minimal microscopically evident stromal invasion <=3mm in depth and no wider than 7mm. • Ia2: Microscopic invasion <=5mm in depth and no wider than 7mm

  22. Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma • Stage I Invasion is strictly confined to the cervix • IB: All others preclinical lesions and clinical lesions confined to the cervix. • Ib1: Clinical lisions no greater than 4 cm. • Ib2: Clinical lisions greater than 4 cm.

  23. Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma • Stage II Invasion is beyond the cervix but not to the pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina • IIA Parametria is not involved • IIB Parametria is involved

  24. Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma • Stage III Invasion is to the pelvic wall or lower third of vagina • IIIA Pelvic wall is not involved • IIIB Pelvic wall is involved; hydronephrosis or nonfunctioning of the kidney may occur because of tumor

  25. Clinical Staging for Cervical Carcinoma • Stage IV Invasion is beyond to the true pelvis or to the mucosa of the bladder or rectum. • IVA Spread is to adjacent organs • IVB Spread is to distant organs

  26. How can we evaluate the patient? • Age: treatment vary with the patient’s age • Marriage statue • Reproductive history：menstrual, contraceptive, Gynecologic, Obstetric • Social history: sexually activity, social statue • Family history: children, partner,parents • Past medical history

  27. How can we evaluate the patient? • General condition: pulmonary (Chest-x-ray) cardiac function (ECG) liver function renal function • Special disorders: bleeding diseases, diabetes mellitus, and infection

  28. How can we manage the patient? • Management of premalignant lesions: • make definitive diagnosis • selection of an appropriate mode of therapy 1. carbon dioxide laser 2. cryotherapy 3. electrocautery 4. loop electrodiathermy excision procedure (LEEP） 5. Conization 6. hysterectomy

  29. How can we manage the patient? • Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia(CIN) • For CIN I-II: observation(only for CIN I), carbon dioxide laser cryotherapy electrocautery loop electrdiathermy excision procedure (LEEP)

  30. How can we manage the patient? • Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) • For CIN III or CIS: conization: cold knife carbon dioxide laser diathermy and LEEP simple hysterectomy

  31. How can we manage the patient? • For invasive cancer:1 Simple hysterectomy (Ia1) 2 Modified radical hysterectomy (Ia2) 3 Radical hysterectomy and RPND (Ib-IIa) 4 Radiotherapy (any stage, IIb III IV) 5 Chemotherapy

  32. CERVICAL CANCER... • Prognosis: 55% five-year survival (all stage combined) • stage I 85% stage II 60% stage III 30% stage IV 10%

  33. How can we prevent cervical cancer? • Risk factors • Education • Screening program • Treatment of premalignant lesions

  34. How can we prevent cervical cancer? RISK FACTORS: • early age of sexual intercourse • multiple sexual partners • low socioeconomic classes • early age of pregnancy • high parity • cigarette smoking • HPV (16,18） • immunocompromised host

  35. How can we prevent cervical cancer? EDUCATION: • Population education • Medical staff education

  36. How can we prevent cervical cancer? SCREENING: • committee • program: onset of screening, duration, end of screening • methods for screening pap smear, CCT, thin-rep, HPV typing

  37. Case discussion • 27 yrs, G0/P0, married for 2 yrs • C/O: one episode of postcoital bleeding for 2 weeks • Menstruation regular with 30 days cycle and 5 days duration. No abnormal discharge. LMP: 2 weeks ago • Pap smear: LSIL with HPV infection, clue cell > 50% • PV: Vulva and vaginal: normal Cervix: erosion with contact bleeding,Uterus: N/S, mobile. Parametrium: clear • Wants to preserve her reproductive function

  38. Treatment strategy for CIN

  39. Case discussion • 48 yrs, G3/P1, midlife • C/O: postcoital bleeding for 4 months • Menstruation irregular with 30-60 days cycle and 5-20 days duration. Abnormal discharge with bad smell. LMP: 2 months ago • Pap smear: squamous cell cancer • PV: Vulva : Normal, vaginal: right fornix involved by cervical growth. Cervix: growth with ulceration and contact bleeding.Uterus: N/S, mobile. Parametrium: nodular thickening to pelvic sidewall on right • Biopsy:SCC. IVP:nonfunctional kidney

  40. Treatment strategy for Invasive Cervical Cancer

  41. How can we explain to the patient? • What is cervical cancer? • How many treatment modes for cervical cancer ? • Why we choose surgery or RT for the patient? • What is the side-effect of the treatment? • What is the prognosis and survival rate?

  42. Cervical cancer • Cervical cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. • The most common tumor type is squamous cell carcinoma (80%) • A pap smear is only a screening test! • Definitive diagnosis of cervical cancer requires a tumor BIOPSY! • Radiation and operation are both effective treament . • Goal of the treatment: cure, except stage IV

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