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Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman

Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman. PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Karen Huffman, Palomar College. Lecture Overview. Introduction to Sensation & Perception Understanding Sensation How We See and Hear Our Other Senses

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Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman

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  1. Psychology in Action (8e)byKaren Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation • Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception • Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  2. Lecture Overview • Introduction to Sensation & Perception • Understanding Sensation • How We See and Hear • Our Other Senses • Understanding Perception ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  3. Introduction to Sensation and Perception • Sensation (process of receiving, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain) • Perception (process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  4. When you stare at the cube on the left, which area is the top, bottom, or back? In the figure on the right, is this a young woman looking to the right, or an older woman with her chin buried in her jacket? Sensation Versus Perception ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  5. Sensation Vs. Perception ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  6. Processing (sensory organs contain receptors that receive sensory information from the environment) Understanding Sensation: Processing ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  7. Understanding Sensation: Processing Three Types of Processing: • Transduction converts the sensory stimuli into neural impulses that are sent on to the brain. • Sensory reduction filters and analyzes incoming sensations before sending on to the brain. • Coding converts particular sensory input into a specific sensation sent to parts of the brain. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  8. Transduction, sensory reduction, and coding all occur at the sensory level and messages are then sent on to the brain. Understanding Sensation: Processing (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  9. Understanding Sensation: Thresholds • Psychophysics: Testing limits and changes • Absolute Threshold: smallest amount of a stimulus we can detect • Difference Threshold: minimal difference needed to detect a a stimulus change; also called the just noticeable difference (JND) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  10. Understanding Sensation: Thresholds • Sensory Adaptation: decreased sensory response to continuous stimulation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  11. How We See • VISION- How We See • Light is a form of electromagnetic energy that moves in waves. • Many types of electromagnetic waves form the electromagnetic spectrum. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  12. How We See: Electromagnetic Spectrum ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  13. The flower on the left looks normal to us, whereas the one on the right was photographed under ultraviolet light. How We See: Electromagnetic Spectrum ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  14. How We See: Light Waves • Light waves vary in: • length (wavelength), which determines frequency (hue or color). • height (amplitude), which determines brightness or intensity. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  15. How We See: Anatomy of the Eye • The function of the eye is to capture light waves and focus them on receptors at the back of the eyeball. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  16. How We See: Structures of the Retina • Receptors for vision are the rodsand cones located in the retina. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  17. Do You Have a Blind Spot? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  18. How We See: Are You Nearsighted or Farsighted? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  19. How We Hear:Audition • Sound results from movement of air molecules in a particular wave pattern. • Sound waves vary in: • length (wavelength), which determines pitch (highness or lowness). • height (amplitude), which determines loudness (intensity of the sound). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  20. How We Hear:Audition • The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels. Constant noise above 90 decibels can cause permanent nerve damage to the ear. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  21. How We Hear: Anatomy of the Ear • Receptors for hearing are hair cells located in the cochlea. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  22. Our Other Senses • Our sense of smell is called olfaction. • Receptors for smell are embedded in a nasal membrane, the olfactory epithelium. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  23. Our Other Senses: Gustation (Sense of Taste) • Receptors for gustation are taste buds, located in the papillae on the surface of the tongue. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  24. Skin sensesinvolvethree basic skin sensations- touch (or pressure), temperature,and pain. Receptors for these sensations occur in various concentrations and depths in the skin. Our Other Senses: Three Body Senses ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  25. Vestibular sense (or sense of balance) involves the vestibular sacs and semicircular canals located in the inner ear. Our Other Senses: Three Body Senses ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  26. Three Body Senses (Continued) • Kinesthesia provides the brain with information about bodily posture and bodily movement. Kinesthetic receptors are found throughout the muscles, joints, and tendons of the body. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  27. Understanding Perception • Illusions:false or misleading perceptions help scientists study the processes of perception (e.g., the horizontal-vertical illusion) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  28. Understanding Perception: The Muller-Lyer Illusion Which vertical line is longer? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  29. Understanding Perception Do You See the Cow? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  30. Understanding Perception Now Can You See the Cow? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  31. Understanding Perception (Continued) • Perception’s three basic processes: • Selection • Organization • Interpretation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  32. Understanding Perception: Selection • Selection (choosing where to direct attention) involves three factors: Selective Attention (filtering out and attending only to important sensory messages) Feature Detectors (specialized neurons respond only to certain sensory information) Habituation (brain’s tendency to ignore environmental factors that remain constant) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  33. Kittens raised with only vertical visual stimuli fail to develop the ability to detect horizontal lines. Can you explain why? Understanding Perception: Selection ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  34. Understanding Perception: Organization • Organization: assemblingof information into patterns that help us understand the world • We organize sensory information in terms of: • Form • Constancy • Depth • Color ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  35. Understanding Perception: Organization • Form Perception Gestalt psychologists developed laws explaining how people perceive form according to: • Figure and ground • Proximity • Continuity • Closure • Similarity ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  36. Understanding Perception: Organization Form Perception- Basic Gestalt Principles ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  37. Understanding Perception: Organization Form Perception:Can You Explain These Impossible Figures? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  38. Understanding Perception: Organization • Perceptual Constancy: Tendency to perceive the environment as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input. • Four best-known constancies: • Size • Shape • Color • Brightness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  39. Understanding Perception: Organization Can You Identify theSize, Shape, Color, and BrightnessConstancies? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  40. Understanding Perception: Organization-- The Ames Room Illusion ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  41. Depth Perception:ability to perceive three dimensional space and accurately judge distance Understanding Perception: Organization ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  42. Understanding Perception: Organization Depth Perception (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  43. Understanding Perception: Organization • Depth Perception involves both binocular (two eyes) and monocular (one eye) cues. • Two Binocular Cues for Depth: Retinal disparity(separation of the eyes causes different images to fall on each retina) Convergence(the closer the object the more the eyes turn inward) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  44. Understanding Perception: Organization Binocular Cues-Retinal Disparity (left) Convergence (right) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  45. Understanding Perception: Organization • Six Monocular Depth Cues: Can You Find Them? • linear perspective • interposition • relative size • texture gradient • aerial perspective • light and shadow ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  46. Color Perceptionis a combination of two theories: Trichromatic: color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems (red, green, and blue) Understanding Perception: Organization ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  47. Color Perceptionis a combination of two theories: Understanding Perception: Organization • Opponent-process: color perception results from three systems of color opposites (blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  48. People who have red-green color deficiency have trouble perceiving the green colored number in the center of this circle. Understanding Perception: Organization ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  49. Understanding Perception: Organization and Color Perception ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

  50. Interpretation(how we explain sensations) involves four major factors: Perceptual adaptation(brain adapts to changed environments) Understanding Perception: Four Factors in Interpretation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

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