We’re Not Gonna Take It!

1. We’re Not Gonna Take It! Social Upheaval in the 1960s and 1970s

2. Effects of Vietnam on Society • The Vietnam War impacted the entire nation, and none more so than its youth. • College students became highly involved in the antiwar and free speech movements • Young men began boycotting the draft by burning their draft cards, escaping to foreign countries, or avoiding induction with “hunting accidents” • Young men were angry that they were being forced to fight in a war at 18 years-old, but couldn’t vote on it until they were 21.

3. 26th Amendment • 26th Amendment: Changes the voting age from 21 to 18 years old. • “Old enough to fight, old enough to vote!” was the rallying cry for many young people in support of the Amendment.

4. The Youth Vote

5. The Counterculture • Counterculture:  a group whose values and behavior deviate from those of mainstream society. • The conservatism and conformity of the 1950s caused a backlash in the 1960s. • Most were young, and from conservative middle-class families. • Came in conflict over the war in Vietnam, race relations, human sexuality, women's rights, traditional modes of authority, experimentation with drugs, and differing interpretations of the American Dream. • Their anti-establishment attitude was somewhat inspired by the Beat Generation of the 1950s.

6. Hippies • Hippie culture was brought to national attention on January 14, 1967 at the Human Be-In in 20,000 hippies came together in a “gathering of the tribes” at San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park. • Hippies believed in a utopian ideal: a society that was freer, closer to nature, full of love, empathy, tolerance, and cooperation. • Adopted new styles of dress, experimented with psychedelic drugs, lived communally and developed a vibrant music scene.  • A new culture of "free love" arose, with millions of young people embracing the hippie philosophy and preaching the power of love and the beauty of sex as a natural part of ordinary life.

7. San Francisco and the Summer of Love • San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair): Was written and released in 1967 to promote the Monterey Pop Festival, and became an instant international hit. • The song is credited with bringing over 100,000 of young people to San Francisco for the “Summer of Love.” • The Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco became the center of the hippie movement.

8. Communes • Hippie communes were utopian communities (similar to those of the Second Great Awakening, e.g. Oneida, the Shakers, etc.) looking to break from traditional society. • The Farm was the most well-known hippie commune, created by 300 San Francisco hippies in rural Tennessee. The Farm is still a functioning commune, based on principles of nonviolence and respect for the Earth.

9. Drug Culture • Hippies were known for the use of illegal drugs and hallucinogens, including marijuana, LSD, “Magic Mushrooms,” and mescaline, advocating its as a method of raising consciousness. • In the 1950s, the CIA began a covert research operation experimenting in mind control code named Project MKULTRA. In the program, LSD was administered to subjects public in order to study their reactions, usually without the subject's knowledge • Dr. Timothy Leary: Became a proponent of LSD after he began conducting experiments on the use of the drug in psychotherapy at Harvard University. Coined the phrase “Tune in, turn on, drop out” as a motto for the hippie culture. Tune In, Turn On, Drop Out

10. Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters • Beginning in 1959, Ken Kesey volunteered as a research subject for medical trials financed by the CIA's MK ULTRA project. • After the medical trials, Kesey continued experimenting on his own, and involved many close friends; collectively they became known as "The Merry Pranksters.“ • The Pranksters visited Harvard LSD proponent Timothy Leary , and then embarked on a cross-country voyage in a psychedelic school bus named "Further,” reaching what they considered to be personal and collective revelations through the use of LSD and other psychedelic drugsin what became known as “Acid Tests”. • The voyage of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters was chronicled in Tom Wolfe’s nonfiction novel, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test.

11. Religion Many members of the counterculture embraced spirituality: Broad range of beliefs from astrology to magic of Eastern religions • Religious groups centered around authoritarian leaders • the leader was a sort of parental figure • Believers formed an extended family Unification Church: • members were known as “Moonies” • Korean-born founder Reverend Sun Myung Moon • Vision that Jesus told Moon that he was the next messiah and was charged with restoring the Kingdom of God on Earth. The Hare Krishna movement: • Can trace their spiritual lineage to a Hindu sect that began in India in the 1400s and worshiped the god Krishna. • Tried to emulate in dress, diet, worship, and general style of living

12. Media and Art • Underground newspapers sprang up in most cities and college towns, serving to define and communicate the philosophy the counterculture. • Art of the counterculture was highly influenced by the Dada movement of the early 20th century, leading to the creation of the Avant-garde and Anti-Art genres. • Andy Warhol: The leading figure in the pop art movement. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture ,and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s.  At his studio, "The Factory," he gathered about him a wide range of artists, writers, musicians, and underground celebrities that exemplified the ideals of the counterculture movement. • Hair - The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical: Exemplifies the hippie counter-culture and sexual revolution of the 1960s, and broke new ground using a racially integrated cast, and inviting the audience onstage for a "Be-In" finale.

13. Music • Music was a fundamental element of the counterculture. • Folk Music revival: Popularized by Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, and Peter, Paul & Mary, the folk movement was highly involved in the civil rights and free speech movements. • The British Invasion: Influenced by the folk music scene and early rock and roll artists like Chuck Berry and Little Richard, British rock bands gained immense popularity in the United States in the early 1960s.

14. Beatlemania! • The Beatles came to the United States on February 7, 1964 to perform on the Ed Sullivan Show. The screams of the audience made much of their performance unable to be heard. • Their fun, poppy music was a relief for Americans who were still mourning the death of John F. Kennedy. • Although some parents were wary of the four “mop-tops,” their music was clean and safe, causing little controversy. This would not last.

15. The Fab Four Evolves

16. Woodstock was a music and art festival held from August 15th-18th in New York 32 of the best known musicians of the day appeared over the 3 day sometimes rainy weekend in front of over a half a million people. The behaviors exemplified the counterculture movement Woodstock 1969

17. Woodstock

19. Some of the Artists: Jefferson Airplane, Joan Baez, Santana, Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, CCR, Sly & the Family Stone, The Who, Blood Sweat and Tears, Country Joe and the Fish, Crosby Stills Nash & Young… Woodstock

20. Jimi Hendrix

21. Woodstock '94 was a music festival organized in order to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the original Woodstock Festival of 1969. It was promoted as "2 More Days of Peace and Music." The famous poster used to promote the first concert was revised to feature two birds perched on a guitar (instead of one). Woodstock ’99 was the second large-scale music festival (after Woodstock '94) that attempted to emulate the original Woodstock Festival of 1969. The concert ended in a muddy riot, covered by MTV and major news channels. The Death of Woodstock

22. Forever 27 Club

23. Death of the Counterculture • The counterculture began to disappear in the early 1970s. • Drug use declined as the excitement faded and as more young people became addicted or died from overdoses. • Charles Manson created a commune cult called the Manson Family at a ranch in the desert hills outside Los Angeles • Manson believed Helter Skelter (based upon the Beatles song) to be an impending apocalyptic race war, which he described in his own version of the lyrics to the Beatles' song. • He ordered his Family members to murder actress Sharon Tate and two friends at their home in the Hollywood Hills. He believed his murders would help precipitate that war. • The Altamont Speedway Free Festival was a rock concert held on December 6, 1969, at the Altamont Speedway in northern California • It featured performances by Santana, Jefferson Airplane, and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, with the Rolling Stones taking the stage as the final act • Approximately 300,000 people attended the concert, and some anticipated that it would be a "Woodstock West.“ • The event is best known for having been marred by considerable violence, including four deaths, as the Hell’s Angels were used as a security force. • The largest reason for the decline of the counterculture was the inclusion of many counterculture ideals into mainstream society.

24. I Am Woman, Hear Me Roar! The Women’s Rights Movement

25. History of the Women’s Equality Movement • The National Women’s Party (NWP)- In 1923, persuaded members of Congress to introduce the first Equal Rights Amendment aimed at forbidding federal, state, and local laws from discriminating on the basis of gender. • Feminism: the belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically and socially. • The women's movement split into two parts after the passage of the 19th amendment: • League of Women Voters-tended to promote laws to protect women and children, such as limiting the hours they could work.

26. History of the Women’s Equality Movement • World War II: With many men enlisted in the army, women became an integral part of the nation’s workforce. • When WWII ended, women lost their jobs to the returning men. • By 1960: women made up almost 40 percent of the nation’s workforce. • Yet many people continued to believe that women, even college educated women, could better serve society by remaining in the home to influence the next generation of men.

27. The Feminine Mystique Written by Betty Friedan in 1963: “the problem lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women… Each suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she made the beds, shopped for groceries…chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies…she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question-’Is this all?’” • It exposed a sense of dissatisfaction that many women experienced but were reluctant to speak about openly.

28. The Women’s Movement Reawakens Women in the 1960s: • Newspaper ads separated jobs by gender, clubs refused them membership, banks denied them credit and paid less for the same work. • Shut out of higher-paying jobs: Law, Medicine and Finance Movement is brought to life: • Mass protest of ordinary women • A government initiative: The President’s Commission on the Status of Women: highlighted the problems of women in the workplace and helped create networks of feminist activists.

29. Fighting for Work Place Rights • 1963 Equal Pay Act: in most cases outlawed paying men more than women for the same job. • 1964 Civil Rights Act: Title VII of the act outlawed job discrimination by private employees not only on the basis of race, color, religion, and national origin, but also gender. • The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: officially operated in July 1965. It received almost 9,000 separate charges of unlawful employment charges in its first year. • The Wage Gap: Women in the United States today are paid on average 77 cents for every dollar paid to men (like working 59 days for free) -- the gap is even worse for African-American and Latina women, making 64¢ and 55¢ respectfully.

30. The Time is NOW The National Organization for Women: (NOW) • Demanded greater educational opportunities for women • Aided women in the work place • Denounced the exclusion of women from certain professions and from politics • Lashed out against the practice of paying women less than men for equal work. • By 1972 the movement had a magazine (Ms. Magazine) and 200,000 members

31. You play ball like a girl! • Equality in Education: Congress in 1972 passed a law known as the Educational Amendments. • Title IX- prohibits federally funded schools from discriminating against girls and young women in nearly all aspects of its operations, from admissions to athletics.

32. National Changes Roe vs. Wade: 1973 Supreme Court ruled that governments could not regulate abortion during the first three months of pregnancy, a time that was interpreted as being within a woman’s constitutional right to privacy.

33. National Changes Equal Rights Amendment • “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” • Passed in 1972, to protect women against discrimination • To become a part of the Constitution, it had to be ratified by 38 states. (35 states by 1979) Opposition: • People feared the ERA would take away the right to alimony in divorce cases, or the right to single-gender colleges, some feared that women would be subjected to the military draft. • Phyllis Schlafly: A Harvard graduate, testified before 30 state legislatures against the ERA, which finally failed in 1982.

34. The Impact of the Women’s Movement • Since 1970, many more women have pursued college degrees and careers outside of the home than did so in previous decades. • Two career families are much more common and Mothers working outside the home are more accepted • Employers began to offer employees options to help make work more compatible with family life: including flexible hours, on-site child care, and job-sharing. • Sandra Day O’Connor: The first female Supreme Court Justice; served from 1981-2006 • Geraldine Ferraro: The first female Vice Presidential candidate

35. LGBT Equality Movement

36. History of the LGBT Community • LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender); QIA (Queer, Intersex, Asexual) • Within Native American culture, , a common form of same-sex sexuality centered around the figure of the Two-Spirit individual – an individual that exhibited aspects of both male and female, either physically, spiritually, or both. Were seen as somewhat magical because they contained both genders. • In eighteenth and nineteenth century America, same-sex sexual behavior and cross-dressing were widely considered to be socially unacceptable, and were serious crimes under sodomy and morality laws. • The 1920s ushered in a new era of social acceptance of sexual minorities and homosexuals, especially within the bohemian culture. Flapper women began bending definitions of femininity and sexuality. • By the 1930s LGBT people were widely diagnosed as mentally diseased with the potential for being cured, thus were regularly "treated" with castration, lobotomies, and electroshock treatment • Immediately following World War II, a number of homosexual rights groups came into being or were revived across the Western world; preferred the term homophile (“love of same”) to homosexual (“sex with same”).

37. Notable LGBT’s in History • Alexander the Great • Leonardo Da Vinci • Michelangelo • Joan of Arc • Catharine the Great • James Buchanan • Walt Whitman • Emily Dickinson • Tchaikovsky • Oscar Wilde • Leonard Bernstein • Amelia Earhart (B) • J. Edgar Hoover (CD) • Liberace • Eleanor Roosevelt • Marlon Brando (B) • Andy Warhol • James Dean (B)

38. The Stonewall Riots • The Stonewall Inn (a Greenwich Village bar) was known to be popular with the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community: drag queens, representatives of a newly self-aware transgender community, effeminate young men, male prostitutes, and homeless youth. • Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn, and attracted a crowd that was incited to riot. Tensions erupted into more protests the next evening, and again several nights later. Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about their sexual orientation without fear of being arrested. • On June 28, 1970, the first Gay Pride marches took place in Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York commemorating the anniversary of the riots. • Today, Gay Pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots

39. Gay Liberation Movement The Gay liberation movement of the late 1960s and early to mid-1970s urged lesbians and gay men to "come out", publicly revealing their sexuality to family, friends and colleagues as a form of activism, and to counter shame with gay pride.

40. Harvey Milk • Harvey Milk was the first openly gay person to be elected to public office in California when he won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. • He was responsible for passing a stringent gay rights ordinance for the city that outlawed discrimination based on sexual orientation. • Was assassinatedin his office by Dan White, another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back. His body was found by Diane Feinstein (one of CA’s current Senators) “On this anniversary of Stonewall, I ask my gay sisters and brothers to make the commitment to fight. For themselves, for their freedom, for their country ... We will not win our rights by staying quietly in our closets ... We are coming out to fight the lies, the myths, the distortions. We are coming out to tell the truths about gays, for I am tired of the conspiracy of silence, so I'm going to talk about it. And I want you to talk about it. You must come out. Come out to your parents, your relatives.”

41. HIV/AIDS in America • The history of HIV/AIDS in the United States began in about 1969, when HIV likely entered the United States through a single infected immigrant from Haiti • In the late 1970s, doctors in Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco began seeing young men with what appeared to be an unknown form of cancer. • As the knowledge that most of these patients were homosexual began to spread throughout the medical communities, the syndrome began to be called by the colloquialism "gay cancer.” • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) renamed the syndrome AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) in 1982.

42. Changing Views • The death of David Kirby, a gay AIDS victim, was published in Life magazine, bringing national attention to and putting a haunting face to the disease. • Ryan White was teenager from Kokomo, Indiana, who became a national poster child for HIV/AIDS in the United States, after being expelled from middle school because of his infection. He had contracted the disease through a contaminated blood treatment for his hemophilia, and was given six months to live. • When he tried to return to school, many parents and teachers in Kokomo rallied against his attendance.Media coverage of the resulting court case made White into a national celebrity and spokesman for AIDS research and public education. Surprising his doctors, White lived five years longer than predicted but died in April 1990, one month before his high school graduation. • Announcements by various celebrities that they had contracted HIV (including actor Rock Hudson, basketball star Magic Johnson,  and singer Freddie Mercury) were significant in making the general public aware of the dangers of the disease to people of all sexual orientations.

43. Civil Rights Marches Forward… and Backward Creating Equality, Raising Awareness, and Infringing on Civil Liberties

44. Miranda v. Arizona • Facts of the Case: The Court was called upon to consider the constitutionality of a number of instances in which defendants were questioned by police officers, detectives, or prosecuting attorneys in rooms that cut them off from the outside world. In none of the cases were suspects given warnings of their rights at the outset of their interrogation. • Question: Does the police practice of interrogating individuals without notifying them of their right to counsel and their protection against self-incrimination violate the Fifth Amendment? • Decision: 5 votes for Miranda, 4 vote(s) againstLegal provision: Self-Incrimination • The Court held that prosecutors could not use statements stemming from interrogation of defendants unless they demonstrated the use of procedural safeguards "effective to secure the privilege against self- incrimination." The Court specifically outlined the necessary aspects of police warnings to suspects, including warnings of the right to remain silent and the right to have counsel present during interrogations.

45. Equality Creates Inequality • Affirmative Action: policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin" into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group "in areas of employment, education, and business” • Affirmative action's original purpose was to pressure institutions into compliance with the nondiscrimination mandate of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke: Allan Bakke, a 33-year-old white male, after serving in Vietnam, working as an engineer for NASA, and scoring in the top 3% on his MCAT’s, applied to twelve medical schools in 1973. He was rejected by all twelve schools. He applied to UC Davis in 1973 and 1974 and was rejected both times. • UC Davis held sixteen spots open for minorities, which were subsequently filled by less-qualified applicants. Bakke filed a suit against the school alleging that the special admissions program operated to exclude him on the basis of his race in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. • The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bakke, inspiring the argument of “reverse discrimination.”

46. Si Se Puede! • Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union, UFW) • Their aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. • Delano Grape Strike – The NFWA went on strike demanding wages equal to the federal minimum wage. • La RazaUnida: The first political party specifically for Hispanics. During the 1970s the Party campaigned for better housing, work, and educational opportunities for Mexican-Americans.

47. American Indian Movement • The American Indian Movement was created to focus on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty for Native Americans. • The organization was formed to address various issues concerning the Native American urban community, including poverty, housing, treaty issues, and police harassment • In October 1971 AIM gathered members from across the country to a protest in Washington, D.C. known as the "Trail of Broken Treaties." • Wounded Knee and Alcatraz

48. Tree-Huggers Unite! • Rachel Carson writes Silent Spring (1962), which exposed the poisonous effects of pesticides, e.g. DDT • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) • Clean Air Act • Endangered Species Act

49. Meltdown! • Three Mile Island - a partial nuclear meltdown which occurred at the Three Mile Island power plant in PA. • It was the worst accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history, but Carter reacted swiftly and effectively to ensure the safety of citizens, as well as create an investigative committee to prevent another accident.

50. Hug a Tree, Save the Whales, and Thank Mother Earth Earth Day Earth Hour Earth Hour encourages households and businesses to turn off their non-essential lights for one hour to raise awareness about the need to take action on climate change. First took place in 2007, when 2.2 million residents of Sydney participated • Earth Day is observed on April 22, and is celebrated in more than 192 countries every year. • Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach-in first held on April 22, 1970.