1750-1914: An Age of Revolutions

1. 1750-1914: An Age of Revolutions Latin American Independence Movements Found on Slide Share Modified by Pamela Hammond Brantley Co. HS Nahunta, GA

2. Background • Indigenous peoples and civilizations • Maya, Aztec, Inca • European Colonization, 1500s • Spain, Portugal, France • American Revolution, 1776 • French Revolution and Enlightenment, 1789 • Napoleon’s conquests within Europe, 1800s • Colonial possessions of Spain and Portugal “ignored”

3. Latin American Independence Movements, 18th & 19th C.

4. French colonies: Revolution in Haiti • Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti • Western third of island of Hispanola in Caribbean Sea. • Plantation slavery, sugar

5. Toussaint L’Ouverture • Former slave, self-educated. • Untrained in military and political matters, but became a skilled general and diplomat. • Allegedly got name (“opening” in French) from being able to find openings in enemy lines. • Took leadership of a slave revolt that broke out in 1791. • 100,000 slaves in revolt.

6. By 1801, L’Ouverture moved into Spanish Santo Domingo (the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispanola), took control of territory and freed slaves. • In January 1802, French troops landed. • Toussaint agreed to an end of fighting if the French would end slavery • French accused him of planning another uprising. • Sent him to a prison in the French Alps. • He died 10 months later, April 1803.

7. Jean-Jacques Dessalines • Toussaint’s general; took up the fight. • Jan 1, 1804 - declared an independent country. • First black colony to free itself from European control. • He called it Haiti, “mountainous land,” in the language of the native Arawak inhabitants. • Became first emperor of Haiti; later assassinated in a revolt. • 1820: Haiti became an independent republic

8. Spanish Colonies Revolutions against Spanish Rule

9. European Empires: 1660s

10. Latin American social classes • Peninsulares - men born in Spain • held highest offices • Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin America • officers in army, but not in government • often resented power of the peninsulares • Mestizos - mixed European and Indian • Mulattos - mixed European and African • Indians

11. SOCIAL HIERARCHY Peninsulares: Native Spaniards Creoles: People of pure European blood But born in the New World P Mulattos: African + European blood C Mestizos: Indian + European blood M & M I & A Indians and Africans CAUSES

12. 16c-18c: New Ideas Brewing in Europe

13. THE ENLIGHTENMENT CAUSES BEFORE: Kings are placed on the throne by G-d. Only G-d can remove them. * Government is based on a contract between the ruler and the ruled. * Government exists to protect the citizens’ natural rights of life, liberty, & property. * If the government violates the natural rights of the people, the citizens have a right to revolt against that tyranny.

14. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION CAUSES * The success of the American Revolution showed others that colonies could succeed in overthrowing their more powerful mother countries.

15. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION MENU CAUSES * Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804. * In an attempt to rule all of Europe, he puts family and friends in charge of the territories he has conquered. * In 1810, Napoleon puts his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain. The Spanish royal family flees.

16. European Background: Napoleon • Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808. • Removed Spain’s King Ferdinand VII and made Joseph (Nap’s brother) king of Spain. • Creoles used it as a reason for revolution. • 1810 rebellion across Latin America. • 1814, Napoleon defeated and Ferdinand returned to power, but creoles cont’d their movement.

17. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars

18. Napoleon on the March Provides a model & a diversion!

19. Simon Bolivar • Wealthy Venezuelan creole. • “The Liberator”

20. SIMON BOLIVAR * Elite Creole planter Military General LEADERS * Called the “George Washington of South America.” * Liberated territories of modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia * Plan for a federated Latin America was crushed by political in-fighting.

21. Venezuelan Independence, 1821 • Venezuela declared independence, 1811. • Bolivar’s armies unsuccessful at first. • 1819: Bolivar marched armies over Andes into today’s Colombia, defeated Spanish army. • 1821: Venezuelan independence. • Marched north to Ecuador to meet Jose de San Martin.

22. Jose de San Martin • Simple, modest man. • Born in Argentina, spent time in Spain as military officer.

23. JOSE DE SAN MARTIN LEADERS * Creole officer who had trained in European armies. * Liberated Argentina from Spanish control. * Met with Bolivar in Guayaquil in 1822. While Bolivar favored democracy, San Martin felt only monarchy could work. Turned over command. * Died in obscurity in Europe.

24. Argentinean Independence • Argentina declared independence in 1816. • San Martin led army across Andes to Chile, joined by Bernardo O’Higgins, and freed Chile. • Ecuador, 1822: San Martin met with Bolivar to decide how to remove remaining Spanish forces in Lima, Peru.

25. Bolivar San Martin

26. Gran Colombia, 1820-1830 • Bolivar’s vision of a united South America. • Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama. • Short-lived due to dissension amongst various factions. • Bolivar resigned in 1828. • In 1830, Bolivar’s Gran Colombia divided into Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. • Panama later split from Colombia with US assistance, 1903.

27. Mexico • Indians and mestizos, not creoles, played the key role in independence movements. • Creoles sided with Spain to avoid violence of lower-class rebellions (until 1820).

28. Miguel Hidalgo • A village priest, believed in Enlightenment ideals. • 1810, called for revolution. • Hidalgo’s Indian and mestizo followers marched to Mexico City. • Spanish army and creoles acted against Hidalgo and defeated him in 1811.

29. Jose Maria Morelos • Took leadership after Hidalgo’s defeat. • Defeated by creoles.

30. Mexican Independence, 1821 • 1820 revolution in Spain put a liberal government in power. • Mexican creoles feared loss of influence, so they united against Spain. • Agustin Iturbide declared himself emperor, but was overthrown. • 1824: Establishment of the Mexican Republic. • Compromise between conservatives and liberals • Presidential system, bicameral legislature

31. Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • US watched with interest as new independent countries were forming in Latin America • Concern arose when Britain and France began to try to influence struggling democracies • James Monroe, 5th President, issued doctrine to protect Latin America • No new colonies allowed in Western Hemisphere • Attempts to recolonized would be seen as an act of war • USA would step in to aid Latin American countries • Could the USA interfere????

32. INTERNATIONAL: THE MONROE DOCTRINE “The American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” - James Monroe, 1823

33. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • A caudillo, strong military leader. • Fought for independence from Spain in 1821 and again in 1829 when Spain tried to reconquer Mexico. • Between 1833 and 1855, president four times • switched sides to keep himself in power • Was Emperor for a short time – until Texas defeated Mexico in its War of Independence, but never really had control of his empire Remember the Alamo

35. Benito Juarez • Poor, orphaned Zapotec Indian; law degree and local governor. • La Reforma: reform movement • redistribution of land, separation of church and state, education • Set up a liberal government, but plagued by conservative rebels.

36. French Rule • Conservative rebels plotted with France to reconquer Mexico. • Napoleon III sent armies to Mexico. • Cinco de Mayo, 1862: • Zaragoza won the Battle of Puebla against the French, but the French won the war. • Napoleon III appointed a relative, Austrian archduke Maximilian, as emperor of Mexico. • Juarez resisted, US sent troops to Mexico - French gave up in 1867. • Juarez continued reforms. • Can you say Monroe Doctrine???? • Why did it take us so long to intervene?

37. Portuguese Rule • Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal. • Portugal was mostly focused on routes to Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.

38. Brazilian Independence • In 1807, Napoleon marched on Iberian peninsula, forcing Portuguese royal family of King John VI to escape to Brazil, Portugal’s largest colony. • From 1807 to 1815, Brazil was center of Portuguese empire.

39. Brazilian Independence • With defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Portugal wanted Brazil to become a colony again. • By 1822, creoles demanding independence signed a petition asking Portugal’s prince, Dom Pedro, to rule Brazil. • On Sept 7, 1822, Dom Pedro agreed, and declared Brazil’s independence • “Constitutional monarchy” • 1889, Brazilians overthrew Pedro’s successor and declared their country a republic.

40. United Provinces of Central America • Several other Central American states declared their independence from both Spain and Mexico to create the United Provinces of Central America.

41. Period of Consolidation, 1825-1850 • Breakdown of original nations and groups: • Gran Colombia • an original union between Bolivia and Peru • United Provinces of Central America • Instability of internal politics • Bolivia experienced 60 revolts and coups. • Venezuela experienced 52 revolts and coups • Liberals - free trade, representative government, federal government system • Conservatives - protect church and upper classes • controlled most regimes between 1830 and 1870. • Independence movements and new governments run by Creoles • Spanish administrators had excluded Creoles from political leadership, so few leaders could actually run a government.

42. Latin American Revolutions!

43. Results of Latin American Independence Movements • Political/Social: • Continued battles between liberals, conservatives and the military over how to best rule. • Tensions between articulate political forces and the separate masses. • Economic: • Unable to free itself from dependence on Western-controlled economic patterns. • Cash crop economies  Banana Republics • Cultural/intelligent: • Distinct cultural entity • combination of Western styles and values plus its racial diversity, colonial past, and social structure of a semi-colonial economy.

45. BOLIVAR’S LAST WORD * Simon Bolivar had taken up the cause of independence hoping to establish a new order where Latin American countries would be free, democratic, and federated (in agreement to work together.) Instead, upon his death, he saw a world in which dictators ruled and disunity reigned. Disgusted by what he saw, he gave this warning to future generations: “America is ungovernable for us. He who serves a revolution plows the sea.”