FRBR Family

1. FRBR Family FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records FRAD: Functional Requirements for Authority Data FRSAD: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records FRAD: Functional Requirements for Authority Data FRSAD: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data Athena Salaba School of Library and Information Science Kent State University

2. The “FRBR Family” • FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records • Original framework (approved 1997, published 1998) • Defines all entities • Focus on Group 1 entities • FRAD: Functional Requirements for Authority Data • FRANAR / FRAR (published June, 2009) • Authority records • Focus on Group 2 entities • FRSAD: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data • FRSAR • Focus on Group3 entities • Established April 2005 • Draft Report released for comments (June 23, 2009); to be released summer 2010

3. The Bibliographic Universe Traditionally … Object oriented model Emphasis on the object containing a document/content AACR2 Part 1: Description 1. General 2. Books, Pamphlets, and Printed Sheets 3. Cartographic Materials 4. Manuscripts 5. Printed Music 6. Sound Recordings 7. Motion Pictures and Video recordings 8. Graphic Materials 9. Electronic Resources 10. Three-Dimensional Artefacts and Realia 11. Microforms 12. Continuing Resources 13. Analysis

4. The Bibliographic Universe Should that be our primary focus? What do users really want? Solution: Content oriented model  IFLA 1992: focus at functional requirements of library catalog records

5. Functions of a Catalog Cutter’s Objects IFLA ICP: Objectives and Functions to find bibliographic resources in a collection as the result of a search using attributes or relationships of the resources: to find a single resource to find sets of resources representing to identify a bibliographic resource or agent to select a bibliographic resource that is appropriate to the user’s needs to acquire or obtain access to an item described • To enable a person to find a book of which either: • the author is known (A) • the title is known (B) • the subject is known (C) • To show what a library has • by a given author (D) • by a given subject (E) • by a given kind of literature (F) • To assist in the choice of • as to the edition (bibliographically) (G) • as to its character (literary or topical) (H)

6. IFLA’s FRBR Working Group, 1992-1997 IFLA's Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), Final Report, 1998. Available at: http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/functional-requirements-for-bibliographic-records Archived website: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm FRBR: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records

7. Attributes • Title • Creator • Topic Attributes Entity 1 Relationship Entity 2 What is FRBR? • Conceptual model based on entity-attribute-relationship • User tasks • Not a set of rules • Not an implementation study/guide

8. FRBR User Tasks • Find (locate or collocate) entities that correspond to the user's stated search criteria (i.e., to locate either a single entity or a set of entities in a file or database as the result of a search using an attribute or relationship of the entity) • Identify an entity (i.e., to confirm that the entity described corresponds to the entity sought, or to distinguish between two or more entities with similar characteristics) • Select an entity that is appropriate to the user's needs (i.e., to choose an entity that meets the user's requirements with respect to content, physical format, etc., or to reject an entity as being inappropriate to the user's needs) • Acquire or obtain access to the entity described (i.e., to acquire an entity through purchase, loan, etc., or to access an entity electronically through an online connection to a remote computer) (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 1998, p.82) • Others??? Relate? Navigate?

9. FRBR Entities • Group 1: products of intellectual and artistic endeavor • works • expressions • manifestations • items • Group 2: those responsible for the intellectual & artistic content, physical production, or custodianship • persons • corporate bodies • Group 3: entities that serve as subjects of intellectual orartistic endeavor • concepts • objects • events • place

10. FRBR Group 1 Entities Work Distinct intellectual or artistic creation, abstract Expression Specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is realized. Manifestation The physical embodiment of an expression of a specific work. Item A single example of a manifestation.

11. FRBR Group 1 Relationshipsprimary relationships Work A Work is realized through an Expression An Expression realizes a Work Expression A Manifestation embodies an Expression An Expression is embodied in a manifestation Manifestation An Item Exemplifies a Manifestation A Manifestation is exemplified by an Item Item

12. Work 1 Evolution, origin, species E4: Spoken word performance - English E1: Text- English E2: Text - German E3: Text- Greek Origins of species Die Entstehung der Arten. Translated by Heinrich Schmidt Η Καταγωγή των Ειδών. Translated by Πάγκαλος Ανδρέας The Origin of species. Edited and read by Richard Dawkins. Abridged M1 M1 M2 M1 M1 On the origin of species bymeans ofnatural selection.London, Murray,1859 Theorigin of species. New York, Gramercy, 1995 DieEnstehungderArten. Leibzig, Kröner, 1884 The origin of species London, CSA Wordp2008. 1 compact disc Η Καταγωγή των Ειδών. Αθηνα, Γκοβόστης,2007 I2 I1 New York PL Copy 1 AtheneumCopy 1 signed by author

13. Person An individual deceased or living involved in the creation or realization of a work or are the subject of a work (about them). Corporate Body An organization or a group of individuals and/or a group of organizations acting as a unit involved in the creation or realization of a work or are the subject of a work. FRBR Group 2 Entities Families – added after the final report and in FRAD

14. FRBR Group 2 Relationships to Group 1 Entitiesprimary relationships • work is created by person or corporate body • expression is realized byperson or corporate body • manifestation is produced byperson or corporate body • item is owned byperson or corporate body • Examples: • the work “Origin of species” is created by Charles Darwin • the item is owned by Kent Free Library

15. FRBR Group 3 Entities Concept An abstract notion or an idea as a subject of a work. E.g.: Economics, Agriculture, Library Science Object A material thing as a subject of a work. E.g.: Eiffel Tower, Challenger Event An action or occurrences (historical events, periods of time, etc.) as a subject of a work. E.g.: Civil War, 21st Century Place A location (terrestrial and extraterrestrial; historical and contemporary; geographic features and geopolitical jurisdictions as subjects of a work. E.g.: The Moon, Ohio, Howard Beach. In addition, all of Group 1 and Group 2 entities can be subjects of a work

16. FRBR Group 3 Relationships to Group 1 entitiesprimary relationships • A work has as subjectan entity such as concept, object, event, place, person, corporate body, work, manifestation, expression, item • An entity of Group 1, 2, 3 is the subject of a work • Examples: • The concept “evolution” is the subject of work 1 “Origin of species” • Work 1 “Origin of species” is the subject of work 2 “Darwin's garden”

17. Entity Attributes (selective) Attributes of a Work title of the work form of work date of the work other distinguishing characteristic intended termination , etc. Attributes of an Expression title of the expression form of expression date of expression language of expression scale (cartographic image/object) projection (cartographic image/object), etc. Attributes of a Manifestation title of the manifestation statement of responsibility edition/issue designation place of publication/distribution publisher/distributor date of publication/distribution extent of the carrier physical medium dimensions of the carrier , etc. Attributes of an Item item identifier provenance of the item marks/inscriptions condition of the item , etc.

18. Bibliographic Relationships • FRBR – primary • W is realized through E • E is embodied in M • M is exemplified by I • is created by • is realized by • is produced by • has as subject • Typology (Tillett) • Equivalence • Derivative • Descriptive • Whole-part/Part-Whole • Accompanying • Sequential • Shared characteristics

19. Other relationships (beyond primary) • Work-to-work (supplement, adaptation, …) • Expression-to-expression (revision, translation, …) • Expression-to-work (complement, summarization …) • Manifestation-to-manifestation (reproduction, alternate) • Manifestation-to-item (reproduction) • Item-to-item (reconfiguration, reproduction) • Whole/Part at work, expression, manifestation and item level

20. FRBR Review • FRBR Review WG • Expression • Aggregates, 2005 • FRBR/CRM Dialogue, 2003: FRBR (FRBRoo) • CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) • FRBR Namespace Project, 2007

21. FRAD: Functional Requirements for Authority Data IFLA UBCIM Working Group on Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) Goals: • Provide an understanding of current authority data functions • Clarify underlying concepts and provide a basis for refining and improving authority data practice Functional Requirements for Authority Data: A Conceptual Model (FRAD), 2009

22. FRAD: Functions of the Authority file • Document decisions • Serve as reference tool (cataloger) • Control form of access points • Support access to bibliographic file (end-user) • Link bibliographic and authority records

23. FRAD: Users and User Tasks • Users of Authority Data • Authority record creators and reference librarians • Library users • Authority Data User Tasks • Find entities corresponding to stated criteria, or explore the universe of bibliographic entities • Identify an entity as being the one sought, or to validate the form of name to be used as a controlled access point • Contextualize place in context, clarify relationships between persons or person and names by which is known • Justify Document the authority data creator’s reason for choosing the name or form of name on which a controlled access point is based

24. FRAD Basics “Entities in the bibliographic universe (such as those identified in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) are known by names and/or identifiers. In the cataloguing process (whether it happens in libraries, museums, or archives), those names and identifiers are used as the basis for constructing controlled access points.” FRAD, p. 19

25. FRAD Model • Entities • Relationships

28. FRAD Entities • Person (Dates of Person, Title of Person, Place of birth, Language, Field of activity …) • Name (Type of name, Scope of usage, Dates of usage, Language of name …) • Controlled access point (Type of access point, Language of cataloguing, Source of access point …) • Identifier (Type of identifier) • Family (Type of family, Dates of family, History of family …) • Corporate Body • Work • Expression • Manifestation • Item • Concept • Object • Event • Place • Rules • Agency

29. FRAD Relationships Work Work • Sequential relationship • Derivative relationship • Whole/part relationship • Accompanying relationship …. Name of Person Name of Person • Real name relationship • Earlier name relationship • Later name relationship … Controlled access point Controlled access point • Parallel language relationship • Alternate script relationship • Different rules relationship

30. FRSAD: Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data FRSAR Terms of Reference FRSAR = Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records • to build a conceptual model of Group 3 entities within the FRBR framework as they relate to the aboutness of works, • to provide a clearly defined, structured frame of reference for relating the data that are recorded in subject authority records to the needs of the users of those records, and • to assist in an assessment of the potential for international sharing and use of subject authority data both within the library sector and beyond.

31. FRSAD: Users of Subject Authority Data

32. FRSAD: User Tasks • Findone or more subjects and/or their appellations, that correspond(s) to the user’s stated criteria, using attributes and relationships; • Identifya subject and/or its appellation based on their attributes or relationships (i.e., to distinguish between two or more subjects or appellations with similar characteristics and to confirm that the appropriate subject or appellation has been found); • Selecta subject and/or its appellation appropriate to the user’s needs (i.e., to choose or reject based on the user's requirements and needs); • Explorerelationships between subjects and/or their appellations (e.g., to explore relationships in order to understand the structure of a subject domain and its terminology).

33. User Tasks in the FRBR-Family • FRBR • Find • Identify • Select • Obtain • FRAD • Find • Identify an entity • Contextualize, place in context, explore relationships • Justifythe form of an access point FRSAD Find a subject entity or entities Identify Select Explore relationships, etc.

34. ‘Issues’ with Group 3 • How to subdivide (if at all)? • Object, Concept, Event, Place • Concrete/abstract • Class/instance • Other models

35. FRSAD Relationship to FRBR

36. FRSAD Conceptual Model: Entities and Relationships • Entities: • Thema: any entity used as a subject of a work • Nomen: any sign or sequence of signs (alphanumeric characters, symbols, sound, etc.) by which a thema is known, referred to or addressed

37. FRSAD: Work-Thema Relationship WORK has as subject THEMA / THEMA is subject of WORK • This model confirms one of the basic relationships defined in FRBR: WORK has as subject THEMA / THEMA is subject of WORK. • Thema = "any entity used as a subject of a work". • Thema includes any of the FRBR entities: • Group 1 and Group 2 entities and, • in addition, all other subjects of works.

38. FRSAD: Thema-to-Nomen Relationship THEMA has appellation NOMEN /NOMEN is appellation of THEMA • This model also proposes a new relationship: THEMA has appellation NOMEN / NOMEN is appellation of THEMA. • NOMEN = any sign or sequence of signs (alphanumeric characters, symbols, sound, etc.) by which a thema is known, referred to or addressed

39. GeneralThemaRelationships • Hierarchical • Partitive • Generic • Instance • Associative Other thema-to-thema relationships are implementation-dependent

40. Nomen-to-Nomen Relationships (include but are not limited to) • Equivalence Equivalence can be specified further, e.g.: • replaces/is replaced by • has variant form/is variant form • has derivation/is derived from • has acronym/is acronym for • has abbreviation/is abbreviation of • has transliterated form/is transliteration of • Partitive

41. FRSAD Entity Attributes • Thema • Type • Note • Nomen • Type • Scheme • Reference source • Representation • Language • Script • Script conversion • Form • Time of validity • Audience • Status • Thema Type • Implementation-specific: • FRBR: concept, object, event, place, Group 1, Group 2 • FAST: topical, names, geographics, periods, titles, events • UMLS: entities (physical, conceptual), events

42. FRBR-Family Resources • IFLA FRBR-Family, http://www.ifla.org/en/node/2016 • FRBR, http://www.ifla.org/publications/functional-requirements-for-bibliographic-records • FRBR Review Group, http://www.ifla.org/en/frbr-rg • FRAD, http://www.ifla.org/publications/functional-requirements-for-authority-data • FRSAD, http://www.ifla.org/node/1297

43. THANK YOU! Athena Salaba asalaba@kent.edu