Aim : To make a blood smear and to count the different types of leucocytes

1. Differential WBC Count (Differential Leucocyte Count Aim: To make a blood smear and to count the different types of leucocytes present in a stained blood smear and express their relative counts in percentage Principle • The blood contains various types of white blood cells. The number of different types may deviate from normal acceptable range. The percentage deviation from normal may indicate certain disease state of the patient such as allergic and drug reactions; parasitic infection and other types of infection. It can also identify various stages of leukemia. • Cell morphology and number will also differamong species. • We will use 2 blood samples (from man and chicken).

2. Differential WBC Count Requirements: • Glass slides • Leishman stain • Microscopes • Disposable needles • Vials containing anticoagulants • Methylated-spirit • Staining rack

3. Differential WBC Count Procedure • Preparation of blood smear • Staining of the smear • Examination of the stained blood smear • Identification and counting of the cells • Method of recording and expression of the count Note: Different staining methods are possible. (Wright’s stain, Giemsa stain, Diff Quick stain; all these are known as Romanovsky-type stains).

4. Differential WBC Count Preparation of the smear • Use the blood from the finger tip prick (man) or a sample of blood mixed with anticoagulant (collection site depends on the animal used, refer to previous lab instruction) • Place a drop of blood on a glass slide about 2 cm from the end of the slide • Hold the slide with thumb and other fingers of left hand firmly. • Hold the spreader slide by its long sides with thumb and other fingers of right hand and apply it over the slide by its short edge in front of the blood drop at an angle of 45. • Pull the spreader gently backwards till it touches the blood drop. The blood drop spreads along the short edge of the spreader. • Move the spreader slowly and steadily to the other end of the slide applying uniform pressure and maintaining the angle at 45. • Wave the slide in the air for quick drying of the smear. • A good film - fairly uniform with a single cell thickness without uneven streaks or gaps.

5. Preparation of the blood smear: Wedge method 1 1 2 Once the slide is in contact with the blood, pause movement of the slide to allow the blood to spread laterally. Then propel the spreader slide forward with a gentle, smooth motion to spread the blood along the slide. Place a drop of blood towards the end of a slide (on a fl at surface). Then reverse the spreader slide into the drop of blood.

6. Staining (Leishman stain) (Leishman stain powder 0.15 g + 100 ml acetone free methyl alcohol) 1.     Place fix air-dried smear across the staining rack Drop a number of Leishman stain to cover the entire blood smear Allow to stand for 2 min. (Do not allow the stain to dry up) 4.Poor the double the number of drops of DW on the slide. 5. Do not allow the stain-DW mix to overflow. Blow air gently on to the slide to ensure proper mixing of stain with DW. Allow to remain for 10 min. After 10 min, pour stain water mix into the tray and wash the slide under running tap water. Water should not fall directly over the smear. Wipe the back side of the slide with dry cotton. Dry the slide keeping in a slanting position. At times wave the slide in the air.

7. Counting 1.    Place the slide on the microscope stage and observe under low power. If the smear is not good enough for counting, repeat the whole process. Focus the smear under oil immersion lens. (a) In the first phase, looking from the side raise the stage until the oil immersion lens touches the oil drop placed on the slide. (b) In the second phase, looking from the eye-piece raise the stage slowly using coarse knob till the cells appear vaugely. (c) In the third phase, focus the cells clearly by using fine knob, Identify and count different types of the cells. Use the following characteristics.

8. Count the cells from the body areas of the smear in a zig-zag manner up to 100 cells. (a) Prepare a large square and divide it into 100 small squares. (b) Enter the identified cells into the squares as “N” for neutrophil, “B” for basophil, so on till the last small square is filled. (c) Count each type of cells separately and express it as percentage.

9. Differential WBC Count Characteristics of different types of the white cells Neutrophils nucleus……….................... dark blue                    cytoplasm....………………….pale pink Eosinophils    nucleus........…………………. blue                    cytoplasm.....…………………blue                    granules........................... red to red/orange Basophils      nucleus.........…………………purple or dark blue                    granules........…………….….. dark purple/black Monocytes    nucleus(lobated)………….…violet                    cytoplasm........……...……...sky blue

10. Monocyte Thrombocyte

11. Sources of error Film preparation • Irregular spread with ridges and long tail: Edge of spreader dirty or chipped; dusty slide • Holes in film: Slide contaminated with fat or grease • Irregularleucocyte and platelet distribution, especially in tail: poor film-making technique • Film too short and too thick: spreader held at incorrect angle • Film extending to end of slide: blood drop too large • Short thin film: blood drop too small • Film extends to edge of slide: spreader too wide or not positioned correctly • Cellular degenerative changes: delay in fixing, inadequate fixing time or methanol contaminated with water

12. Avian normal blood values (Gallus domesticusand man)

13. Arneth count • In human: neutrophil counts based on the lobes of its nucleus • Same blood smear can be used • 100 neutrophils are counted and categorized in 5 groups • The number of nuclear lobe increased with age • Normal pattern Stage 1 N 1 = singled lobed nucleus = 0.5% Stage 2 N 2 = 2 lobes = 30% Stage 3 N 3 = 3 lobes = 45% Stage 4 N 4 = 4 lobes = 18% Stage 5 N 5 = 5 lobes = 2% Shift to the left: an increase in the number of first three stages by more than 80% (acute pyogenic infection, haemorrhage) Shift to the right: an increase in the number of later three stages by more than 20% (pernicious anaemia, vitamin deficiency, aplasticanaemia)

14. Estimation of RBC count and hemoglobin value • Find PCV of your blood sample. - Use PCV values to estimate the RBC count and amount of Hb in the blood samples.  •    To estimate RBC count - divide the PCV by 6 and record as value x 106cells/µl.   - e.g. If PCV is 42, the RBC count would be 7 x 106cells/µl •    To estimate hemoglobin value - divide the PCV by 3 and record as g/dl       - e.g. if PCV is 42, the hemoglobin value would be 14 g/dl

15. Calculate MCV (mean corpuscular volume) • An average volume of SINGLE RBC expressed in mm3 • Use the following formula PCV per 100 ml of blood MCV = --------------------------------  10 RBC counts in million/mm3 Normocyte = normal RBC Macrocyte = increased MCV Microcyte = decreased MCV

16. Summary • take blood samples - 3 ml blood from a volunteer student - 3 ml blood from the chicken • Make blood smears from each blood samples • Count WBCs • Find PCV of each blood sample • Estimate RBC counts • Calculate MCV

17. Format of the report DVT 1073 FisiologiHaiwan II Lab work no. ____ Name: ____________ No. Matrik: ______________ Date: ________ • Title of the laboratory work. • Aim • Requirements • Procedures • Observation and findings • Discussion/Comments/conclusion

18. Blood smear from an African gray showing nucleated avian erythrocytes; three heterophils, one eosinophil and two thrombocytes.