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What is soil?

What is soil?. A dynamically and continuously changing, mixture of inorganic, living and dead organic materials, that sustains physical, chemical and biological functions while providing resources to the living nature. Genesis of soils. 1.) physical weathering of rock. temperature. water.

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What is soil?

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  1. What is soil? A dynamically and continuously changing, mixture of inorganic, living and dead organic materials, that sustains physical, chemical and biological functions while providing resources to the living nature.

  2. Genesis of soils 1.) physical weathering of rock • temperature • water 2.) chemical weathering  nutrients 3.) biological processes  biological weathering

  3. Functions of soil • biomass • modulation • biotope • medium • source • archeology

  4. Soil characteristics - physical composition solid gas pore liquid - pore content clayey sand 35% garden soil 60% peat 80% - permeability - organic material

  5. 3 phase 2 phase gas soil particles soil particles liquid/gas pore liquid

  6. - water types pore water capillary water clay 1-2m sand 20-30cm sorbed water - temperature – neutral zone plow – 0.17 plain surface – 0.3 snow – 0.7 - albedo - mineral content

  7. Soil degradation 1.) erosion (water/wind) natural causes: heavy rain, steep slopes, impermeable soil strong wind, dry soil, lack of vegetation anthropogenic: land abuse, deforestation remedy: terracing, vegetation, alteration of soil structure, shelter belts

  8. 2.) acidification natural causes: lack of calcium breakdown of vegetation (CO2) anthropogenic: fertilizers (H+), acid rain remedy: no unnecessary fertilizer, lime addition

  9. 3.) salinization natural causes: bad drainage anthropogenic: irrigation, raising groundwater level remedy: salt content control in irrigation water, groundwater level control, chemical methods (ion change)

  10. 4.) mechanical degradation (compaction) natural causes: bad structure, lack of organisms in the soil anthropogenic: agricultural vehicles, bad water management remedy: agro-techniques

  11. 5.) bad water household natural causes: climate (regional or microclimate) soil structure remedy: irrigation, channel inland inundation, catchment area control

  12. Pollution source reduction background gas/dust emission seepage in groundwater deposition (air/water) food chain agriculture immobilization industry/mining physical/chemical/biological breakdown traffic landfills

  13. Actions to take 1. previous land use 2. test holes 3. determination of pollutants 4. extent of pollution 5. prevent further spread 6. enclose or deck, if necessary 7. elimination

  14. consider: bedding (layering) groundwater change in gw level direction of gw flow questions: where (density) depth disturbed/undisturbed sample

  15. Extent borehole

  16. Isolation 1. Isolating wall 2. Depression well wall 3. Water intrusion well

  17. Elimination IN SITU EX SITU soil exchange, deposition pore gas suction soil washing (chemicals) soil washing (chemicals) chemical extraction immobilization immobilization pneumatic decompaction dehalogenization thermal treatment oxidation - reduction vitrification biodegradation gas suction bioventillation

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