Dover Castle in the 12 th and 13 th century?

1. Dover Castle in the 12th and 13th century? Key Issue- what type of castle is Dover (focus on 12th and 13th century) STARTER- who left the greatest legacy at Dover castle- William I or Henry II? Why? EXTENSION: what changes did they make to the site and why?

2. Key words/concepts Henry II Great Tower- The Keep, or Palace Tower, is 83 feet (25.3m) high and just under 100 feet (30m) square with walls up to 21 feet (6.5m) thick. The architect was 'Maurice the Engineer' (or Mason) and it was built between 1180-1185 after the murder of Becket. The Royal Palace project, which costs GBP 2.45 million, took over two years of research by English Heritage, "with a team of historians working closely with some 140 artists and craftspeople". The Great Tower re-opened on August 1st, 2009. Constables Gateway- Constable's Tower was built by John de Fiennes under William the Conqueror and for this reason was once known as Fiennes' Tower.It was rebuilt after 1216 Great Siege of Dover Castle by Hubert de Burgh during the reign of Henry III.

3. Before these centuries recap • Iron Age hillfort • Roman lighthouse and settlement • Anglo Saxon Burh • Williams motte and Bailey castle Henry II Great tower and modifications after the 1216 siege

4. After these centuries overview • Napoleonic France and a network of new tunnels • Coming of railways and trams created redevelopment of the harbour on a massive scale- Seaside resort. Castle dilapidated and used to house prisoners (evidence through the graffiti) • World Wars: I and II. Military centre in WW1 and in WW2 ‘Operation Dynamo’ was directed from the world war tunnels. • Cold War- secret bunker for important people in case of Nuclear attack

5. Focus- 12th and 13th centuriesTurning points: Beckets murder and Barons rebellion (1216 siege) • Thomas Beckett murder- led to Henry II massively redeveloping the Great Tower, inner bailey and begin work on the outer bailey. • Barons rebellion; 1216 siege- the French try to take Dover. King John I took the throne on 6th April 1199, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. In June 1215 he was forced to sign the Magna Carta. Louis from France invaded in 1216 and led to the weaknesses highlighted at Dover and the huge changes that took place after e.g. gateway, five new hexagonal towers.

6. Henry II • Henry II was King of England and was in trouble with the Church after the murder of Thomas Becket. Becket had become a saint. • He had made amends with the Church by committing penance on himself. • The relationship was strained still and Henry II looked weak.  What would you do to make yourself look strong if you looked weak?

7. What type of castle is Dover? Answer- concentric castle Concentric Castles can be described as "a Castle within a Castle". They had two or three walls around the keep. The inside walls were built higher than the outside walls. This meant that defenders could fire arrows over the heads of the soldiers defending the outside walls. Dover Castle in Kent UK was one of the first castles where the idea of a concentric castle was tried out by Henry III. He also put an outer wall around the Tower of London making that a concentric castle.

9. Your task • Read the hand-out and take notes on Henry II medieval castle and stone keep (glue in any pieces of work you highlight) • Complete the column of medieval castles under Henry II on your factor sheet(from two lessons ago) Note down how the Castle has changed from the Norman period. How much has the history of Britain influenced the developments made?

10. Extract on Henry II from the guardian • How useful is this source as evidence that the murder of Thomas Becket was a major turning point for Dover castle? • Explain reasons to agree or disagree

11. Henrys new home (background knowledge) • Henry II, like his predecessors, almost never visited Kent. There was no royal forest in Kent, and he had no houses there. When he crossed the Channel he went to Normandy and to western France, not to Flanders or north-eastern France. In the first 23 years of his reign Henry II sailed from Dover just once, but he embarked and disembarked at Southampton and Portsmouth 18 times. • When Thomas Beckett died shrines were made at Canterbury. Pilgrims from all over Europe went on pilgrimage and used Dover to stay and pass through as it’s the nearest to the continent. • The chronology of expenditure shows that it was in the financial year beginning in September 1179, just one month after Louis VII’s pilgrimage, that Henry first spent more on Dover than on any other English castle.

12. Why was Dover so significant? PEE • For ten consecutive years, beginning in the financial year 1179–80, Henry spent more money on Dover than on any other castle in England. From 1179 until his death his outlay on the fortress totalled £5,991. This was almost two-thirds of total recorded expenditure on all English castles (£9,263) during those years – the greatest concentration of money on a single English castle in history. • Dover had long been the site of an important fortification and the financial records of Henry II’s reign show that he had occasionally spent money here – about £500 in total in the first 25 years of his reign (1154–79), including £236 over the two years 1172–74 when Count Philip of Flanders was threatening to invade. But in 1179 and throughout the 1180s there was no invasion scare. • In recent years English castle specialists have argued that Dover Castle was Henry’s riposte to the burgeoning cult of Saint Thomas (Beckett)

13. King John and the Magna Carta • Watch this clip and make notes on why people were unhappy with King John? • What did the Magna Carta mean for the King? • How does Disney portray King John in Robin Hood? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICVFuMrAW-g

14. King John • Richard I died fighting the crusades where he spent the Royal treasury. While away the barons enjoyed the power they had. • John becomes King upon Richard I death. • He increased taxes, upset the Church and exerted more power on Scotland and Ireland. • The Barons disliked this and rebelled with the help of the French. • John attempts to win back land but loses. • John was forced to sign the Magna Carta on 15th June 1215. • The King no longer had the power to do what he wanted.

15. All sorted? • Does it seem likely the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 sorted the issues between the King and the barons?

16.  Your task • Read the hand out and answer these questions. • Did the Magna Carta sort things out? • How did the situation escalate? • What events led up to the siege of 1216 in Dover? Next lesson- 1216 siege in more focus

17. HOMEWORK: 20 mark Q exam practice Q1. Choose a turning point in your site’s history. Explain how and why this changed the importance of the site, either locally or nationally. Use physical features of the site as well as your knowledge to support your answer. Intro- what you are choosing and which site/why. PEE 1- Explain the context of your chosen time period and king and what changes were occurring and why e.g. After Beckets murder pilgrims would pass to go to Canterbury so Dover castle would be a place where important foreign visitors would stay etc. PEE 2- go in to depth about the turning point and specific changes made to the site e.g. inside the tower there were two chapels even though there was also a church on site. Conclusion- Explain why your chosen point (e.g. Beckets murder and Henry II Great tower) was the major turning point.