C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

1. C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapters 31-33 leftovers

2. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 • The perfect system • The perfect and pluperfect active indicative of regular verbs (4th principal part) • The perfect and pluperfect middle/passive indicative of regular verbs (5th principal part) • The dative of personal agent • The perfect infinitive (4th and 5th principal parts) • Result (consecutive) clauses

3. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 6. Result (consecutive) clauses • This chapter introduces ways to express result in ancient Greek. • A result clause (also called a “consecutive” clause), as its name suggests, refers to one action which is the result of another action.

4. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 6. Result (consecutive) clauses • English can express several types of result clauses: • Socrates is such a great man that he always tells the truth. • Socrates is so wise that he always tells the truth. • Socrates is too wise not to tell the truth.

5. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 6. Result (consecutive) clauses • In Greek, ὥστεintroduces a result clause. Usually a word such as οὕτως,τοιοῦτος or τοσοῦτοςsets up the clause: • ὁ Σωκράτης τοσοῦτός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ λέγει ἀεί . • Socrates is such a great man that he always tells the truth. • οὕτως ὁ Σωκράτης σοφός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ λέγει ἀεί. • Socrates is so wise that he always tells the truth.

6. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 6. Result (consecutive) clauses • If a comparative sets up the clause, ἤwill also appear: • ὁ Σωκράτης σοφώτερός ἐστιν ἢ ὥστε τὰ ψευδῆ εἶπεν. • Socrates is too wiseto have told lies. (Socrates is wiser than to have told lies).

7. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 6. Result (consecutive) clauses • If the result has not actually happened, but is hypothetical or theoretical, the verb in the result clause becomes an infinitive: • ὁ Σωκράτης τοιοῦτός ἐστιν ὥστε τἀληθῆ λέγειν ἀεί. • Socrates is the sort of person who always tells the truth. • ὁ Σωκράτης σοφός ἐστιν ὥστε τὰ ψευδῆ μὴλέγειν. • Socrates is wise enough not to tell lies.

8. Shelmerdine Chapter 31 for next class (Tuesday, April 26, 2011): • Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 32 • Verbs: omit ἐκβαίνω • Prepare Xenophon Reading

9. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 • The 2nd (strong) perfect active • Reduplication • The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem verbs • The perfect active participle • The perfect middle/passive participle • Supplementary participles not in indirect statement

10. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 6. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement • You have seen a number of verbs which complete their meaning with an infinitive: • ἐθέλω μένειν. “I want to stay.” • κελεύω σε μένειν. “I order you to stay.” • This use of the infinitive is called the “complementary infinitive.”

11. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 6. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement • Some verbs complete their meaning with a circumstantial participle. • This use of the participle is called the “supplementary participle” but is really just a technical term for a specialized use of circumstantial participles for verbs that virtually always use them. • This section gives examples of three verbs which use supplementary participles: τυγχάνω, λανθάνω andφθάνω.

12. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 6. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement • τυγχάνω means “meet by chance” • τυγχάνω τοῦ φύλακος. “I meet the guard by chance” or “I happen to run into the guard.” • An accompanying supplementary participle expresses what the subject happens to be doing at the time. • τυγχάνω βαίνων οἴκαδε. “I happen to be walking home.” • Notice that English normally expresses this idea with an infinitive (“to walk”) rather than a participle.

13. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 6. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement • λαγχάνω means “escape notice.” The accompanying supplementary participle expresses what the subject is doing at the time. • λαγχάνω τὸν φύλακαφεύγων. “I escape the guard’s notice while I escape”  “I escape without the guard noticing.” • λαγχάνω φεύγων. “I escape without being noticed.” • Notice that English makes the action of the participle (“escape”) the main verb.

14. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 6. Supplementary participles not in indirect statement • φθάνω means “do something before” someone or anyone else. The accompanying supplementary participle expresses what the subject does. • φθάνω τὸν ἵππονἄγων. “As I lead the horse, I am doing it before anyone else.”  “I lead the horse first.” • φθάνω σε τὸν ἵππονἄγων.“I lead the horse before you do.” • Notice that English makes the action of the participle (“lead”) the main verb.

15. Shelmerdine Chapter 32 for next class (Wednesday, April 27, 2011): • Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 33 • Continue Xenophon Reading

16. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

17. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. The numbers one, two, three and four decline(see 33.3), but the rest do not: one: εἷς, μία, ἕν two: δύο three: τρεῖς, τρία four: τέτταρες, τέτταρα

18. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: five: πέντε six: ἕξ seven: ἑπτά eight: ὀκτώ nine: ἐννέα ten: δέκα

19. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: eleven: ἕνδεκα twelve: δώδεκα thirteen: τρεῖς καὶ δέκα fourteen: τέτταρες καὶ δέκα fifteen: πεντεκαίδεκα

20. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: sixteen: ἑκκαίδεκα seventeen: ἑπτακαίδεκα eighteen: ὀκτωκαίδεκα nineteen: ἐννεακαίδεκα twenty: εἴκοσι(ν) twenty one: εἷςκαὶ εἴκοσι(ν)κτλ

21. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: thirty: τριάκοντα forty: τετταράκοντα fifty: πεντήκοντα sixty: ἑξήκοντα seventy: ἑβδομήκοντα eighty: ὀγδοήκοντα

22. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers. Numbers two hundred and higher decline again: ninety: ἐνενήκοντα hundred: ἑκατόν two hundred: διακόσιοι –αι –α three hundred: τριακόσιοι –αι –α four hundred: τετρακόσιοι –αι –α

23. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: five hundred:πεντακόσιοι –αι –α six hundred:ἑξακόσιοι –αι –α seven hundred: ἑπτακόσιοι –αι –α eight hundred: ὀκτακόσιοι –αι –α nine hundred: ἐνακόσιοι –αι –α thousand: χίλιοι –αι –α

24. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out cardinal numbers: two thousand:δισχίλιοι –αι –α three thousand:τρισχίλιοι –αι –α ten thousand: μύριοι –αι –α twenty thousand: δισμύριοι –αι –α (δύο μυριάδες) hundred thousand: δεκακισμύριοι –αι –α hundred million: μυριάκις μύριοι–αι –α

25. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • In the classical period, inscriptions show the following numerals: 6. Γ | 10. Δ(δέκα) 20. ΔΔ 100. Η (ἑκατόν) 200. ΗΗ 1000. Χ (χίλιοι) 10,000. Μ (μύριοι) 1.| 2.|| 3.||| 4.|||| 5.Γ 50. Γ 6000. Γ Χ Δ Χ

26. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 1.α’ 2. β’ 3. γ’ 4. δ’ 5. ε’ 6.ς’ 7. ζ’ 8. η’ 9. θ’ 10. ι’ 11. ια’κτλ

27. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 20.κ’ 30. λ’ 40. μ’ 50. ν’ 60. ξ’ 70. ο’ 80.π’ 90.Ϙ’ 100. ρ’ 200. σ’ 300. τ’ 400. υ’

28. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • After the second century BC, alphabetic numerals are used (but rare in Greek texts): 500.φ’ 600. χ’ 700. ψ’ 800. ω’ 900.’ 1,000.͵α 2,000.͵β 3,000.͵γ 10,000.͵μ 20,000.͵κ 100,000.͵ρ €

29. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: first: πρῶτος –η –ον second: δεύτερος –α –ον third: τρίτος –η –ον fourth: τέταρτος –η –ον fifth: πέμπτος –η –ον sixth: ἕκτος –η –ον

30. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: seventh: ἕβδομος –η –ον eighth: ὄγδοος –α –ον ninth: ἔνατος –η –ον tenth: δέκατος –η –ον eleventh: ἐνδέκατος –η –ον twelfth: δωδέκατος –η –ον

31. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: thirteenth: τρίτος καὶ δέκατος κτλ twentieth: εἰκοστός –ή –όν thirtieth: τριακοστός –ή –όν fortieth: τετταρακοστός –ή –όν fiftieth: πεντηκοστός –ή –όν sixtieth: ἑξηκοστός –ή –όν

32. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 2. Numbers • Ancient Greek normally writes out ordinal numbers. All are regular adjectives: seventieth: ἑβδομηκοστός –ή –όν eightieth: ὀγδοηκοστός –ή –όν ninetieth: ἐνενηκοστός –ή –όν hundredth: ἑκατοστός –ή –όν

33. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

34. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 3. Declension of numbers • The number one declines as follows(the masculine and neuter use 3rd declension endings; the feminine follows the first declension): masculine Nom. εἷς Gen. ἑνός Dat.ἑνί Acc.ἕνα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. μία Gen. μιᾶς Dat.μιᾷ Acc.μίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. ἕν Gen. ἑνός Dat.ἑνί Acc.ἕν Voc. = Nom. Masc. nom sg. ἑνς εἱς

35. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 3. Declension of numbers • The number two declines as follows(these are the older, “dual” endings, lost from most Greek words): masc/fem/neut Nom. δύο Gen. δυοῖν Dat.δυοῖν Acc.δύο Voc. = Nom.

36. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 3. Declension of numbers • The number three declines as follows(3rd declension): masc/fem Nom. τρεῖς Gen. τριῶν Dat.τρισί Acc.= Nom. Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. τρία Gen. τριῶν Dat.τρισί Acc.= Nom. Voc. = Nom.

37. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 3. Declension of numbers • The number four declines as follows(3rd declension): masc/fem Nom. τέτταρες Gen. τεττάρων Dat.τέτταρσι Acc.τέτταρας Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. τέτταρα Gen. τεττάρων Dat.τέτταρσι Acc.= Nom. Voc. = Nom.

38. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

39. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 4. The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • The number onewith the prefix οὐδεserves as “no one, nothing”: masculine Nom. οὐδείς Gen. οὐδενός Dat.οὐδενί Acc.οὐδένα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. οὐδεμία Gen. οὐδεμιᾶς Dat.οὐδεμιᾷ Acc.οὐδεμίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. οὐδέν Gen. οὐδενός Dat.οὐδενί Acc.οὐδέν Voc. = Nom.

40. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 4. The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • When μήis used instead of οὐ, make the same substitution (οὐδείς  μηδείς κτλ) masculine Nom. μηδείς Gen. μηδενός Dat.μηδενί Acc.μηδένα Voc. = Nom. feminine Nom. μηδεμία Gen. μηδεμιᾶς Dat.μηδεμιᾷ Acc.μηδεμίαν Voc. = Nom. neuter Nom. μηδέν Gen. μηδενός Dat.μηδενί Acc.μηδέν Voc. = Nom.

41. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

42. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • This chapter presents clauses of fearing. • In both Greek and English, verbs which refer to fear set up clauses which explain what the speaker fears. • In English, “that,” or no conjunction at all, can set up such a clause: • I am afraid (that) the enemy is coming.

43. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • In Greek, a verb of fearing sets up a clause beginning with μή, which, even though it technically means “not,” must be omitted in translation.

44. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχονται. • I am afraid the enemy is coming. • φοβοῦμαι μὴ οὐ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχονται. • I am afraid the enemy is not coming. • φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἦλθον. • I am afraid the enemy came.

45. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • If the feared event is some possibility in the future, the verb in the fearing clause changes to the subjunctive or optative. • As with other clauses, in primary sequence the verb becomes subjunctive, while in secondary sequence it generally becomes optative.

46. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 5. Clauses of fearing • φοβοῦμαι μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχωνται. • I am afraid the enemy will (could, might) come. • ἐφοβούμην μὴ οἱ πολέμιοι ἔρχοιντο. • I was afraid the enemy wouldcome.

47. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 • The perfect subjunctive and optative • Numbers • Declension of numbers • The negative pronouns/adjectives οὐδείςand μηδείς • Clauses of fearing • Indirect questions

48. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • Previous chapters have introduced direct questions (24.4, 25.4, 29.4, 29.6). • Where are the people? • An indirect question is one reported rather than asked directly. • I know where the people are.

49. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • Greek may mark indirect questions in one or both of two ways. • The indirect question usually has a different interrogative than the direct question. • Following a verb in a secondary tense (imperfect, aorist, pluperfect), the verb of the indirect question may change to the optative mood.

50. Shelmerdine Chapter 33 6. Indirect questions • Recall that ἆραsets up a yes/no question. • ἆρ’ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πάρεισιν; • Are the people near? • In an indirect questions, εἰnormally replaces ἆρα. • ἐρωτῶ εἰ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πάρεισιν. • I ask if (whether) the people are near.