Presentation Transcript

1. UNIT 2: THE NEW REPUBLIC REVOLUTION TO THE WAR OF 1812
2. Dance to Revolution: (1763-1776) By: Jay Johnston Leavenworth HS
3. AMERICAN REVOLUTION Revolution in Thought1607 to 1763 British Condescension Colonial ignorance of law Colonial Disunity Encouraging signs from French and Indian War Page 107 – 109 in Pageant textbook
4. What was the first instance of biological warfare in American History?
5. Pontiac's Rebellion Chief Pontiac was an influential Ottawa leader who encouraged his people not to make peace with white settlers. He was eventually murdered by rival tribes who opposed his political views.
6. AMHERST AND BOUQET General Amherst: (1717-1797) rose to Commander in Chief of British Forces in North America leader behind 1st biological instance of warfare by giving blankets infected with smallpox to Indians Colonel Henry Bouqet: Commander at Fort Pitt was ordered by Amherst to distribute smallpox infected blankets set off a lethal epidemic in 1763-64, the goal was genocide
7. Pontiac Pontiac's Rebellion Colonists moved into this new territory causing Indian attacks on their settlements. Provincial forced restored peace in 1764 Between 1764-66 peace treaties are signed with the Indian groups
8. PROCLAMATION OF 1763 British land policy to temporarily keep the colonists out of Indian land until treaties could be negotiated with the tribes. Not designed for colonial oppression Colonial pioneers such as Daniel Boone, defied the Proclamation of 1763 and crossed the Appalachians and settled areas in what would become Kentucky. The belief that the land westward was sacred land, fought and died for and that it was their birthright….It belonged to them. The “American Dream” could be found out west led many colonists to defy the Proclamation of 1763 and cross the Appalachians.
9. Indian Attacks force British to build forts to protect settlers moving westward Northwest Territory
10. The Undoing of a Union Britain leaves an army in the colonies after 1763 and taxed the colonies to pay for part of it Colonists agreed that they should contribute to their own defense but insisted that taxation without representation violated their rights as Englishmen A series of three successive crisis would shatter England’s North American Empire by 1776 Stamp Act Crisis, Townshend Crisis, The Tea Act of 1773
11. George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 3. Quartering Act - 1765 4. Stamp Act - 1765
12. EARLY BRITISH LEADERSHIP In 1760, George III (1760-1820) inherits British throne at age 22 George Grenville is appointed as Lord of Treasury in April 1763 George Grenville: (1712-1770) Eventually became Prime Minister of Great Britain responsible for Sugar & Stamp Act
13. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS Victory over France would mean new burdens not relief for the colonists Protection comes at a cost In 1763, they decided to leave 7,000 soldiers in the colonies and abroad Because the colonists would receive the benefit of this protection, Grenville argued they ought to pay for most of it Pass a series of tax laws and have the Colonists help pay back the debt. Grenville resorted to coercive methods in dealing with the colonists
14. BRITISH RESTRICTIVE POLICIES Writs of Assistance(1763) unrestricted British search warrants to stop Colonial smuggling…… Stop the smuggling of Colonials by enforcing the Navigation Acts with a series of unrestricted search warrants. The smuggled anyway
15. THE SUGAR ACT Grenville issues in 1764 Felt it was a “just and necessary” revenue to be raised in the defending the American colonies Placed duties on wine, coffee, and molasses Actually cuts the duty in half
16. ENFORCEMENT OF SUGAR ACT To enforce tax he placed strict regulations Ships were seized if they did not pay the tax British Navy patrolled Atlantic coast looking for smugglers Smuggling cases were tried in British admiralty courts Cases decided only by a judge Judge received commission on all fines
17. QUARTERING ACT Passed in early 1765 Required colonists to provide housing and supplies to British troops who remained after French & Indian War Housed when they were away from barracks Required assemblies to provide supplies which they were already willingly doing BOTH ACTS ARE NOT STRONGLY OPPOSED
18. Stamp Act Crisis The Stamp Act passed in Feb of 1765 to go into effect November 1 All contracts, licenses, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, and most other legal documents would be void unless executed on officially stamped paper Courts of law would not accept any document not stamped This would be considered an internal act and was the most intolerable by the colonists
19. The Hated Stamp Tax Tax on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, etc. A direct tax which went to the British government. Paid for debt and British troops in the Colonies. Colonists hated the Stamp Tax = “taxation without representation” Customs Commissioner John Malcomb being tarred and feathered and “paid” his tea Titled “Public Punishment for the Exise Man” (1774)
20. The Hated Stamp Tax
21. STAMP ACT CONGRESS Resistance began in spring of 1765 Soon a Stamp Act Congress was created to meet in New York in October 1765 in which 9 colonies sent 27 representatives They passed resolutions affirming colonial loyalty to the king but condemned the Sugar and Stamp Acts Adopted non-importation agreements against British goods Small step towards unity
22. What or who were the Sons of Liberty?
23. SONS OF LIBERTY Resolutions did not repeal the Stamp Act but street violence would and it would be led by Boston The movement would be led by a group called the Sons of Liberty Samuel Adams is given credit for it’s start in 1765 in protest of the Stamp Act Daughters of Liberty Non-importation (wool & lamb) Spinning bees; making homespun cloth instead of British textiles
24. Patriots or Terrorists Paul Revere Sons of Liberty was a secret society formed in protest of British rule. They had a large role in the repeal of the Stamp Act and the Boston Tea Party. They protested, boycotted, harassed soldiers and officials, tax collectors, burned effigy’s 9 original members which included the leaders Samuel AdamsandPaul Revere Samuel Adams “If our trade be taxed, why not our lands, or produce, in short, everything we possess? They tax us without having legal representation.” Samuel Adams
25. Britishlaws STAMP ACT PROTESTS Between 1765 to 1766, the Sons of Liberty led over 40 protests up and down the colonial coastline. Successful in forcing the British Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act by running off tax collectors Nullified in Spring of 1766 Stamp Act Protests: 1765 to 1766
26. What is the Declaratory Act?
27. THE DECLARATORY ACT Declaratory Act: Parliament has full power and authority to make laws binding to the colonies in all cases Declares absolute sovereignty over colonies Repeals Stamp Act in 1766 The repeal was met with wild celebration, almost a national holiday
28. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767 William Pitt, Prime Minister Charles Townshend, chief financial officer Shift from paying taxes for British war debts & quartering of troops paying colonial government salaries Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.
29. B R IT I S H R EST R I CT I V E P O L I C I ES Townshend Acts, 1767 Passes series of revenue measures which taxed items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint. goal was to use American revenues to pay salaries of colonial governors and judges which would free them from dependence on assemblies British army began withdrawing from the frontier and concentrating on the north coasts, this was mostly to save money but it looked aggressive Colonists were ok to pay for an army to protect the frontier, but to pay for an army to police them? Colonial outrage and boycotts
30. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties 1. 1768  2nd non-importation movement:*not as effective*taken less seriously because they get still get smuggled tea 2. Riots against customs agents:* 4000 British troops sent to Boston in 1768
31. Tensions in Boston 1768—1770, British soldiers arrived in Boston, MA to maintain order and enforce the taxes the colonists were asked to pay after the French and Indian. The people of Boston resented the British soldiers and considered them a foreign presence. 1770
32. BOSTON MASSACRE An eyewitness account"An unruly gang of civilians (colonists), to the amount of thirty or forty, mostly boys and many of them drunk, left a local tavern and saw a regiment of British soldiers. The gang assembled ... near the sentry at the Custom-house door, began taunting the British, calling them names and throwing snow balls, along with horse manure and ice balls ... I saw a party of soldiers come from the main guard, and draw themselves up ... the people still continued in
33. BOSTON MASSACRE An eyewitness accountthe street, crying, 'Fire, fire, and be damned,' and threw more snow balls. British Captain Preston could not control the crowd as they taunted the soldiers. He ordered his troops "Don’t fire!" but with the commotion I heard the word 'fire' given ... and instantly the soldiers fired one after another." The troops fired and killed three men instantly; another two died later. The first man to die was Crispus Attucks, a black man. “
34. BOSTON MASSACRE When the smoke and confusion cleared, five Bostonians were dead or dying. John Adams, a lawyer (and future President), helped win acquittal for six of the soldiers, but his cousin, Sam Adams, a patriot leader, called the incident a "plot to massacre the inhabitants of Boston" and was used to rouse fellow colonists to rebel.
35. BOSTON MASSACRE High tensions between British and Bostonians over enforcing British policies. March 1770, the British shed Colonial blood for first time. The relationship between the Colonies and England would never improve Used as propaganda to convince people of the colonial cause.
36. Art and Propaganda News of the massacre spreads fast
37. Boston Mass.
38. The 5 Colonists killed at the Boston Massacre would become martyrs for the Colonial cause They would be buried in the same cemeteries as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams. British soldiers were tried in court and 2 were found guilty of manslaughter. Boston Mass.
39. Partial Repeal Soon after the Massacre, Parliament repeals the Townshend duties except for tea in 1766 This caused the non-importation movement to collapse However, there was no rejoicing in the modification of this act Many colonists blamed each other for failure of complete repeal There was no public rejoicing at this repeal
40. The Gaspee Incident (1772) Providence, RI coast
41. GASPEE INCIDENT The years of 1770-1773 were fairly calm In 1772 the customs vessel Gaspee ran aground and is attacked British officials are sent to investigate and sent perpetrators back to England The colonies considered this a huge threat of Americans standing trial in England
42. CRITICAL ISSUES AFTER GASPEE There is a growing feeling that the British government is conspiring to destroy liberty in America The Committees of Correspondence will eventually form into the First and Second Continental Congresses These incidents convince Britain that is pointless to prosecute individuals for politically motivated crimes Whole Communities need to be punished Britain has an important choice to make – what holds the empire together – consent or force?????
43. Committees of Correspondence Purpose warn neighboring colonies about incidents with Br. broaden the resistance movement.
44. The 13 Colonies were represented under the principle of “virtual” representation. It did not matter if the Colonists did not elect members from each colony to represent them in the British Parliament. Not all citizens in Britain were represented either. The British Parliament pledged to represent every person in Britain and the empire Americans resented “virtual” representation. Colonists governed themselves since the early settlers. They had direct representation by electing colonial assembly members to represent their interests. Colonists were not opposed to paying taxes because the Colonies taxed their citizens. If the British Parliament was to tax them, they should be able to elect a representative from their colony to represent their interests in Parliament. Great Britain vs. The Colonies Virtual RepresentationActual Representation
45. The Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy If you have the power to tax, you have the power to take all their wealth from them. If there is no check upon the people who posses the “power to tax” then they have the power to destroy. Colonists wanted an “actual” representative elected from them to address their concerns to Parliament.
46. For the first time, many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation movement, "patriots!"