The Other Personality Theorists Carl Jung

1. The Other Personality Theorists Carl Jung • one of the most influential thinkers of 20th century • prolific writer • founder of analytic psychology • developed free association • agreed with Freud on the efficacy of analyzing dreams • friend and colleague of Freud for brief period • eventual falling out b. 1875 in Switzerland d. 1961

2. Carl Jung • Relatively normal childhood (compared to Freud) • father was a church pastor • not Jewish • interest include different cultures • learned many languages, including Sanskrit • studied medicine at University of Basel • interested also in occult and spiritual things • fascinated by “coincidences”

3. Carl Jung Jung and Freud • corresponded regularly and influenced each other’s ideas • met in 1906 and talked for 13 straight hours!! • 1909 - travelled to United States  Clark University in Worcester • disagreed over nature of unconscious • considered Freud too negative & not expansive enough • last met 1913 after Jung resigned from Freud’s Psychoanalytic Society

4. Carl Jung His theory • Personality divided in 3 parts (like Freud) • Ego, Personal Unconscious, & Collective Unconscious • Personal Unconscious  contains experiences that were once conscious but have since been forgotten, ignored, or repressed • can be powerful and bad if they prevent developing true IDENTITY Ego Personal Unconscious Collective Unconscious

5. Carl Jung • THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS • So what is it?? • contains all the shared memories of humanity from the beginning of time • exist as unseen forces which influence one’s thoughts, feelings, and perceptions • “The past, the present, and the future are happening all around us.” • – Carl Jung - Freud’s unconscious was a “seething cauldron” of instincts - Jung’s unconscious was a window to ourselves!

6. Carl Jung So what’s in the Collective Unconscious?? Well, I’ll tell you! • Archetypes - universal thought patterns • things that we all share – there are thousands of them • an example of an archetype • mother • Persona – public mask • anima (female side of men & animus (male side of women) • provide shading & balance to the personality • shadow - represents the primitive side of the personality

7. Carl Jung Three Principles • Principle of the Opposites • every thought, impulse, etc. has its opposite • Principle of Equivalence • each opposite has equal energy • Principle of Entropy • energy dissipates over time Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory Introvert – Extrovert Sensing – Intuiting Thinking – Feeling Judging - Perceiving

8. Carl Jung Last thing – Synchronicity - experience of two or more events that are apparently causally unrelated occurring together in a meaningful manner Ok, I lied! One other thing – • Self - life goal of striving for unity & completeness • Transcend the Self – become best person you can be – perfect oneself

9. Erik Erikson The guy with the funny name • born to prominent Jewish mother; father was Danish • blonde hair, blue eyes • Erik Homberger • left formal schooling and wandered in Europe • tutored students in art in Vienna – met Anna Freud – enrolled in Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute • 1933 – emigrated to U.S. • taught first at Harvard, later Yale, and then University of California at Berkeley b. 1902 in Germany d. 1994 in U.S.

10. Erik Erikson • left west coast and returned to Harvard until retirement in 1970s • interested in issues of Native Americans • Lakota Sioux dream quest • combine his own experience and the Sioux and you get the key to personality IDENTITY

11. Erik Erikson Stages of Psychosocial Development • disagreed with Freud – eight stages – development throughout life • conflict in each stage • resolution creates virtue – understanding of some profound significance lack of resolution creates issues  maladaptive and malignant tendency – think Freud’s fixation Issue is  SOCIAL

12. Erik Erikson

13. Erik Erikson

14. Erik Erikson Trust v mistrust – to trust Ego-identity v. role confusion – to trust self Autonomy v. shame and doubt Intimacy v. isolation – to love - to do Initiative v. Guilt – to plan Generativity v. self-absorption - to plan for the future Industry v. inferiority – to Ego-Integrity v. Despair – to complete complete oneself

15. Alfred Adler • affected by rickets – prevented from walking until 4 • almost died at age 5 from pneumonia • worked with circus performers as young doctor – what the heck does that have to do with anything?????? • I’ll tell you later!! • instead, let’s talk about Theodore Roosevelt Alfred Adler 1873 - 1937

16. Alfred Adler So, what do circus performers, Theodore Roosevelt, and Alfred Adler have in common?? • INFERIORITY, that’s what!!!!!! • everyone is born inferior • 2 types of inferiority • organ inferiority  • psychological inferiority  real perceived • Must learn to deal with these inferiorities  2 unhealthy responses and 1 healthy responses • Inferiority Complex - general sense of inadequacy, weakness, & helplessness  keeps one from improving - prevents mastery

17. Alfred Adler • Superiority Complex - feelings of accomplishment despite little real achievement • exaggerates accomplishments • masked inadequacies & limitations - Better way to respond to inferiorities  Compensation – overcome shortcomings (but perhaps not the way this guy is doing it)

18. Alfred Adler Fictional Finalism - establish goals (do not need to be realistic) and try to attain them – striving for superiority will improve the self Now, ask me about birth order

19. Karen Horney • born in Germany with strict authoritarian father – disliked him • leaves home after high school to attend college without parental support - decided if she could not be pretty, she would be smart  attends Med School in 1909 • loved her older half-brother; depressed when he rejected her • no wonder she becomes a Freudian psychologist! • marries Oscar Horney – I wonder what he was like? • left Oscar and leaves with children to America in 1926 1885-1952

20. Karen Horney • starts as Freudian analyst but rejects key elements of Freud – especially sex is everything • rejects Oedipus Complex • rejects 3-part personality (id, ego, superego) • rejects penis envy • Instead proposes Womb Envy • men are jealous of a woman’s reproductive capability! • provides a feminist perspective!

21. Karen Horney • Defines neurosis  • poorly chosen strategies in life • we have needs – Neurotic Needs 1. affection and approval 2. a “partner” who will take over one’s life 3. restrict one’s life within narrow borders; become inconspicuous 4. power, for control over others and domination • 5. exploit others and get the better of • them • 6. social recognition or prestige • 7. personal admiration • 8. personal achievement • self sufficiency and independence • 10. perfection and unassailability; feelings of superiority

22. Karen Horney Personality Types Compliant Type – wishes to avoid any and all conflicts – moves toward others - needs 1-3 Aggressive Type - utilizes aggressive acts to prevent anyone from hurting them- moves against others – needs 4-8 Detached type - moves away from other people in order to protect their self-esteem- needs 3, 9-10