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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. Axial Skeleton Chapter 7. Divisions of the Skeletal System. The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named bones. Infants have more bones because not all bones have fused. Axial skeleton – 80 bones Longitudinal axis (center of the body)

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System Axial Skeleton Chapter 7

  2. Divisions of the Skeletal System • The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named bones. • Infants have more bones because not all bones have fused. • Axial skeleton – 80 bones • Longitudinal axis (center of the body) • Bones arranged along the axis: skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, breastbone, and backbone • Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones • Upper and lower limbs (extremities), girdles (connect limbs to axial skeleton)

  3. Axial Skeleton • Skull • Cranium 8 • Face 14 • Hyoid 1 • Auditory Ossicles 6 • Vertebral Column 26 • Thorax • Sternum 1 • Ribs 24 • Total 80

  4. Appendicular Skeleton • Pectoral (Shoulder) girdles • Clavicle 2 • Scapula 2 • Upper limbs (extremities) • Humerus 2 • Ulna 2 • Radius 2 • Carpals 16 • Metacarpals 10 • Phalanges 28

  5. Appendicular Skeleton • Pelvic (hip) girdle • Hip, pelvic, or coxal bones 2 • Lower limbs (extremities) • Femur 2 • Fibula 2 • Tibia 2 • Patella 2 • Tarsals 14 • Metatarsals 10 • Phalanges 28 • Total 126

  6. Types of Bones • Long Bones • Short Bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones • Sesamoid Bones • Sutural

  7. Types of Bones Based on Shape

  8. Bone Surface Markings • Depressions and Openings • Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue (nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons) or formation of joints. • Processes • Projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons).

  9. Depressions and Openings • Fissure – narrow slit • Foramen – opening (hole) • Fossa – shallow depression (trench) • Sulcus – furrow (groove) • Meatus – tubelike opening (passageway)

  10. Processes • Processes that form joints • Condyle – Large, round protuberance at the end of a bone (knuckle) • Facet – smooth, flat articular surface • Head – rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

  11. Processes • Processes that form attachment points • Crest – prominent ridge or elongated projection • Epicondyle – projection above a condyle • Line – long narrow ridge or border • Spinous process – sharp, slender projection • Trochanter – very large projection • Tubercle – small, rounded projection • Tuberosity – large, rounded projection

  12. Mastoiditis • Inflammation of the mastoid air cells subsequent to a middle ear infection. • The infection may spread to the brain.

  13. Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip • Failure of the palatine processes of the maxillary bone to unite during embryogenesis. • Cleft lip is a split in the upper lip. • Speech and swallowing may be affected. • Children with this may be prone to many middle ear infections.

  14. Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome • TMJ • Dull pain around the ear • Tenderness of the jaw • A clicking or popping noise when opening or closing the mouth • Limited or abnormal opening of the mouth • Headache • Tooth sensitivity

  15. TMJ Treatment • Applying moist heat or ice • Chiropractic • Eating a soft diet • Pain relievers • Muscle retraining • Adjusting or reshaping the teeth • Orthodontic treatment • Surgery

  16. Principle Foramina of the Skull • Carotid • Hypoglossal • Infraorbital • Jugular • Lacerum • Magnum • Mandibular

  17. Principle Foramina of the Skull • Mastoid • Mental • Olfactory • Optic • Ovale • Rotundum • Stylomastoid • Supraorbital

  18. Fontanels • Membrane-filles spaces between the cranial bones • “soft spots” • Allow the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal

  19. Fontanels • Anterior fontanel • Between the parietal bones and the frontal bone • Posterior fontanel • Between the parietal bones and the occipital bone • Anterolateral fontanels • Between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones • Posterolateral fontanels • Between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones

  20. Medical Terminology • Kyphosis – exaggeration of the thoracic curve • Lordosis – an exaggeration of the lumbar curve or cervical curve • Lumbar spine stenosis – narrowing of the spinal canal • Scoliosis – lateral bending of the vertebral column

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