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21 cm Tomography Experiments Overview: Advances and Key Projects

This document explores various 21 cm tomography experiments conducted worldwide to study the Epoch of Reionization. Key projects include the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR), the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), and the Precision Array to Probe Epoch of Reionization (PAPER). Each project is analyzed based on the number of antennas, effective area, frequency range, angular resolution, and mapping sensitivity. The impact of these experiments on understanding the early universe and cosmic structure is also discussed in terms of their respective locations and years of operation.

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21 cm Tomography Experiments Overview: Advances and Key Projects

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  1. The scale frontier 21cm tomography MT & Zaldarriaga, arXiv:0805.4414

  2. 21 cm tomography experiments: GMRT = Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope Experiment GMRT PAST/21CMA LOFAR MWA PAPER SKA # of Antennas(Total)30 dishes 10,000 8,192 16 (4) # of Antennas(Installed)30 dishes 2,000 (4 Tiles) 512 (32 Tiles) 8 (0) # of TilesNA 20 (1 Tile=500 ant) 96(1 Tile=16 ant) 512 (1 Tile=16 ant) NA 96 V crossed Dipoles Effective Area (m2)5.1047.0.1041.0.105 ~ 104 1.0.104 1.0.106 Imaging Field of View 2o 3o - 7.5o ~ 5o 30o - 1o Angular Resolution3.8o - 0.4o 3’ 25” - 3.5” ~ 15’ < 0.1’ Frequency Range (MHz)50 - 1420 50 - 200 10 - 240 80 - 300 110 - 200 Mapping Sensitivity 15mK/(day)1/2 SiteIndia China Netherlands Australia USA/AUS AUS(?) Year 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2015(?)

  3. 21 cm tomography experiments: 21CMA/PaST = Primeval Structure Telescope Experiment GMRT PAST/21CMA LOFAR MWA PAPER SKA # of Antennas(Total) 30 dishes 10,000 8,192 16 (4) # of Antennas(Installed) 30 dishes 2,000 (4 Tiles) 512 (32 Tiles) 8 (0) # of Tiles NA 20 (1 Tile=500 ant) 96(1 Tile=16 ant) 512 (1 Tile=16 ant) NA 96 V crossed Dipoles Effective Area (m2) 5.1047.0.1041.0.105 ~ 104 1.0.104 1.0.106 Imaging Field of View2o 3o - 7.5o ~ 5o 30o - 1o Angular Resolution 3.8o - 0.4o3’ 25” - 3.5” ~ 15’ < 0.1’ Frequency Range (MHz) 50 - 1420 50 - 200 10 - 240 80 - 300 110 - 200 Mapping Sensitivity15mK/(day)1/2 Site India China Netherlands Australia USA/AUS AUS(?) Year 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2015(?)

  4. Figures from Jy Wang 21CMA/PaST = Primeval Structure Telescope Experiment GMRT PAST/21CMA LOFAR MWA PAPER SKA # of Antennas(Total) 30 dishes 10,000 8,192 16 (4) # of Antennas(Installed) 30 dishes 2,000 (4 Tiles) 512 (32 Tiles) 8 (0) # of Tiles NA 20 (1 Tile=500 ant) 96(1 Tile=16 ant) 512 (1 Tile=16 ant) NA 96 V crossed Dipoles Effective Area (m2) 5.1047.0.1041.0.105 ~ 104 1.0.104 1.0.106 Imaging Field of View2o 3o - 7.5o ~ 5o 30o - 1o Angular Resolution 3.8o - 0.4o3’ 25” - 3.5” ~ 15’ < 0.1’ Frequency Range (MHz) 50 - 1420 50 - 200 10 - 240 80 - 300 110 - 200 Mapping Sensitivity15mK/(day)1/2 Site India China Netherlands Australia USA/AUS AUS(?) Year 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2015(?)

  5. 21 cm tomography experiments: v v v v v 77 sta. v v v 100 Km 2 Km 32 sta. LOFAR = Low Frequency ARray Experiment GMRT PAST/21CMA LOFAR MWA PAPER SKA # of Antennas(Total) 30 dishes 10,000 8,192 16 (4) # of Antennas(Installed) 30 dishes 2,000 (4 Tiles) 512 (32 Tiles) 8 (0) # of Tiles NA 20 (1 Tile=500 ant) 96(1 Tile=16 ant) 512 (1 Tile=16 ant) NA 96 V crossed Dipoles Effective Area (m2) 5.1047.0.1041.0.105~ 104 1.0.104 1.0.106 Imaging Field of View 2o3o - 7.5o ~ 5o 30o - 1o Angular Resolution 3.8o - 0.4o 3’ 25” - 3.5” ~ 15’ < 0.1’ Frequency Range (MHz) 50 - 1420 50 - 200 10 - 240 80 - 300 110 - 200 Mapping Sensitivity 15mK/(day)1/2 Site India China Netherlands Australia USA/AUS AUS(?) Year 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2015(?)

  6. Pictor A 21 cm tomography experiments: MWA = Murchison Widefield Array Experiment GMRT PAST/21CMA LOFAR MWA PAPER SKA # of Antennas(Total) 30 dishes 10,000 8,192 16 (4) # of Antennas(Installed) 30 dishes 2,000 (4 Tiles) 512 (32 Tiles) 8 (0) # of Tiles NA 20 (1 Tile=500 ant) 96(1 Tile=16 ant) 512 (1 Tile=16 ant) NA 96 V crossed Dipoles Effective Area (m2) 5.1047.0.1041.0.105 ~ 1041.0.104 1.0.106 Imaging Field of View 2o 3o - 7.5o~ 5o 30o - 1o Angular Resolution 3.8o - 0.4o 3’ 25” - 3.5” ~ 15’ < 0.1’ Frequency Range (MHz) 50 - 1420 50 - 200 10 - 240 80 - 300 110 - 200 Mapping Sensitivity 15mK/(day)1/2 Site India China Netherlands Australia USA/AUS AUS(?) Year 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2015(?)

  7. 21 cm tomography experiments: Cas A Cygnus A 3C 392 PAPER = Precision Array to Probe Epoch of Reionization Experiment GMRT PAST/21CMA LOFAR MWA PAPER SKA # of Antennas(Total) 30 dishes 10,000 8,192 16 (4) # of Antennas(Installed) 30 dishes 2,000 (4 Tiles) 512 (32 Tiles) 8 (0) # of Tiles NA 20 (1 Tile=500 ant) 96(1 Tile=16 ant) 512 (1 Tile=16 ant) NA 96 V crossed Dipoles Effective Area (m2) 5.1047.0.1041.0.105 ~ 104 1.0.1041.0.106 Imaging Field of View 2o 3o - 7.5o ~ 5o 30o - 1o Angular Resolution 3.8o - 0.4o 3’ 25” - 3.5” ~ 15’ < 0.1’ Frequency Range (MHz) 50 - 1420 50 - 200 10 - 240 80 - 300 110 - 200 Mapping Sensitivity 15mK/(day)1/2 Site India China Netherlands Australia USA/AUS AUS(?) Year 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2015(?)

  8. 21 cm tomography experiments: PAPER = Precision Array to Probe Epoch of Reionization Experiment GMRT PAST/21CMA LOFAR MWA PAPER SKA # of Antennas(Total) 30 dishes 10,000 8,192 16 (4) # of Antennas(Installed) 30 dishes 2,000 (4 Tiles) 512 (32 Tiles) 8 (0) # of Tiles NA 20 (1 Tile=500 ant) 96(1 Tile=16 ant) 512 (1 Tile=16 ant) NA 96 V crossed Dipoles Effective Area (m2) 5.1047.0.1041.0.105 ~ 104 1.0.1041.0.106 Imaging Field of View 2o 3o - 7.5o ~ 5o 30o - 1o Angular Resolution 3.8o - 0.4o 3’ 25” - 3.5” ~ 15’ < 0.1’ Frequency Range (MHz) 50 - 1420 50 - 200 10 - 240 80 - 300 110 - 200 Mapping Sensitivity 15mK/(day)1/2 Site India China Netherlands Australia USA/AUS AUS(?) Year 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2015(?)

  9. Physics of the 21 cm Line: Cylinder Telescope Consortium (Pittsburgh -> Morocco)

  10. Physics of the 21 cm Line: SKA = Square Kilometer Array Experiment GMRT PAST/21CMA LOFAR MWA PAPER SKA # of Antennas(Total) 30 dishes 10,000 8,192 16 (4) # of Antennas(Installed) 30 dishes 2,000 (4 Tiles) 512 (32 Tiles) 8 (0) # of Tiles NA 20 (1 Tile=500 ant) 96(1 Tile=16 ant) 512 (1 Tile=16 ant) NA 96 V crossed Dipoles Effective Area (m2) 5.1047.0.1041.0.105 ~ 104 1.0.104 1.0.106 Imaging Field of View 2o 3o - 7.5o ~ 5o 30o - 1o Angular Resolution 3.8o - 0.4o 3’ 25” - 3.5” ~ 15’ < 0.1’ Frequency Range (MHz) 50 - 1420 50 - 200 10 - 240 80 - 300 110 - 200 Mapping Sensitivity 15mK/(day)1/2 Site India China Netherlands Australia USA/AUS AUS(?) Year 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2015(?)

  11. 21 cm tomography experiments: PAST/21CMA PAPER LOFAR GMRT Image: FORTE satellite MWA SKA ? CYLINDER

  12. LARC: Lunar Array for Radio Cosmology Participants: MIT, Harvard, Washington, Berkeley, JPL, NRAO PI: Jacqueline Hewitt, MIT LARC

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