U.S. Imperialism: Foreign Policy

1. U.S. Imperialism: Foreign Policy Do Now Agenda Unit 11 Overview Imperialism Preview Chapter 21 Lecture Homework: Begin C. 21 Reading Guide • Take out notes and pen/pencil • Take out reading guides or outline for Ch. 21 • Be ready for class at bell NOT AFTER – tons to do today!

2. Unit 11 Overview

3. This week… you will be able to... • Identify and explain the components and motives of American imperialism: political and economic expansion

4. Foreign Policy 1890-1914

5. Imperialism &International Darwinism • The industrializing United States sought worldwide markets to purchase their goods, raw materials to manufacture, and far away places where disgruntled people could find adventure. • International Darwinism  New Manifest Destiny: • America had to be strong religiously, militarily, and politically by acquiring territories overseas. • Imperialism was supported by: • Missionaries (Christian duty to bring the benefits of their superior civilization to less fortunate peoples of the world) • Politicians (wanted new markets and global power) • The Navy (new territories could be coaling and power stations, so the new Naval fleet could be a world power) [#3!] • The Press (stories about exotic places increased circulation)

6. General Causes of American Imperialism • The sensational stories published by “Yellow journalism” • The New Navy policy promoted by Alfred Thayer Mahan and Theodore Roosevelt • The example of European imperialism in Africa • The emphasis of Social Darwinism on survival of the fittest • Unlike Manifest Destiny, imperialism included the idea of moral improvement by bringing the blessings of civilization to less technologically advanced people The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1890 • Captain Alfred Mahan = author • He argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance • The book was VERY influential in promoting the growth of U.S. naval power during the late 19th century

7. U.S. Intervention in Latin America

8. Latin American Foreign Relations in the 1880’s & 1890’s The Pan-American Conference (1889) Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine (1895-1896) British Guiana and Venezuela had a dispute; Cleveland insisted that the United States be allowed to arbitrate, arguing that the Monroe Doctrine applied to this situation. Britain agreed; from this point, Britain sought friendship with the U.S. • Representatives of Western Hemisphere nations created an organization that set a precedent for hemispheric cooperation on economic and political issues. • Today, this is known as the Organization of American States

9. McKinley’s presidency The Spanish American War Causes • Jingoism (intense nationalism) • Cuban revolt (Spain sent in an autocratic general to suppress the revolt) • Yellow journalism • A circulation battle between the newspapers of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. • Their sensationalist headlines and stories created public support for a war to liberate Cuba from Spanish control • De Lôme Letter (the Spanish minister to the United States insulted McKinley) • Battleship Maine (U.S. battleship exploded in Havana harbor) • McKinley’s Ultimatum (demanded that Spain end atrocities; public pressure  message to Congress: end barbarities; protect Americans) • Teller Amendment (Congress declared war; Cuba will control itself) War • Philippines • Navy in Manila Bay • With Filipino rebels 3 months • Cuba • Tropical diseases • Volunteer forces destroyed Spanish army • Rough Riders (Theodore Roosevelt) • Destroyed Spanish fleet • Hawaii • Annexed (Queen overthrown five years earlier)

10. McKinley’s presidency The Spanish American War Results • Peace Treaty  Cuban Independence • Insular [Supreme Court] Cases • Constitutional rights were not automatically granted to territorial possessions. • Platt Amendment • Made Cuba a U.S. protectorate • Election of 1900 • McKinley and Roosevelt won • “new territory and prosperity” • The U.S. was seen as a first class world power with the Navy. Territorial Acquisitions • Spain relinquished control of Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and the Phillippines to the U.S. • By establishing a protectorate over Cuba, the U.S. began implementing imperialist foreign policy The Debate Over Annexing the Phillipines • The Anti-Imperialism League opposed annexation arguing that it violated America’s long-established commitment to the principles of self-determination and anti-colonialism • Supporters of annexation argued that America had a moral responsibility to “civilize” the islands. They also pointed out that the Phillippines could become a valuable trading partner.

11. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 Cause: President Theodore Roosevelt worried that the Dominican Republic and other Latin American nations would default on debts owed to European banks. These defaults could then provoke European military intervention. Action: Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to forestall European intervention

12. Impact of the Roosevelt Corollary • It expanded America’s role in Central America and the Caribbean • It claimed America’s right to assume the role of “an international police power.” Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson enforced the Roosevelt Corollary by sending American troops to Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, the DR, Mexico, and Haiti • Theodore Roosevelt explained and justified the Roosevelt Corollary as follows: “Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the U.S. to the Monroe Doctrine may force the U.S… to the exercise of an international political power.”

13. Roosevelt’s Presidency The Panama Canal • The canal was attained by Colombia by supporting a revolt in Panama. • It took 10 years to build. • Mosquitoes caused yellow fever, which caused many deaths. • In 1921: Colombia was paid $25 million for the loss. • The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) gave the U.S. long-term control of the Canal Zone (until 1999). • The Hay-Paunceforte Treaty (1901) determined that there would not be joint U.S.-British control of the Canal.

14. Wilson’s Presidency Taft’s Presidency Nicaragua • Sent troops when Civil War broke out (1911) • He wanted to protect foreign investments of the United States. • The U.S. kept Marines there until 1933. Mexico • Tampico incident: • Wilson didn’t support Huerta as president. • The U.S. placed an arms embargo on Mexico. • The U.S. Imposed a naval blockade on Vera Cruz; Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediated. • Pancho Villa • Villa challenged the new president (Carranza) • Led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and killed 11 Americans • U.S. troops pursued him unsuccessfully, and later withdrew before entering World War I. 1917: Wilson made Puerto Rico a U.S. territory, and Puerto Ricans gained citizenship. Panama Canal: The U.S. agreed to pay tolls. Haiti & Dominican Republic: Wilson ordered troops in. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan negotiated Conciliation treaties in which countries agreed to an international arbiter and a one-year cooling off period.

15. U.S. Intervention in Asia

16. The Open Door Policy • As China Qing (Manchu) dynasty weakened, European powers carved out spheres of influence where they exercised political leverage and obtained exclusive commercial privileges. • Although he knew he could not force the Europeans to leave China, Secretary of State John Hay was determined to protect American missionaries and commercial interests • In 1899, Hay sent the nations with spheres of influence in China a note calling for open access to China for American investment and commercial interests • Known as the Open Door, the policy underscored America’s commitment to free trade and opposition to obstacles that thwarted international commerce • The nations indirectly accepted the Open Door Policy. • After the U.S. helped to crush the Boxer Rebellion (an attack against foreigners) was crushed, nations continued to allow free trade in China and respect Chinese independence. Spheres of Influence McKinley’s presidency

17. Root’s Asian Policies Roosevelt’s presidency • Russo-Japanese War: Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate a peace treaty at Portsmouth, New Hampshire • Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for this. • Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan would secretly restrict immigration of Japanese workers to the U.S. ; the U.S. agreed to end segregated education for Japanese in California. • Root-Takahira Agreement (1908): • Pledged mutual respect for each country’s Pacific possessions • Pledged support for the Open Door Policy

18. Taft Wilson Railroads in China • Taft wanted U.S. bankers to be included in a European plan to invest in railroads in China. • Russia and Japan entered a secret agreement regarding railroad building in Manchuria that the United States was not involved in. Jones Act of 1916 (The Philippines) • Granted territorial status to the Philippines. • Created a Bill of Rights and granted male suffrage. • Promised independence when a stable government was established (1946). The Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: Non-European powers (Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere. Taft and Japan were offended by this.

19. Name the foreign policy… Name the president who created this foreign policy… “The United States should wait patiently and quietly to achieve its goals overseas, but use force if necessary.” • Maintain peace between rival nations • Mediate the Russo-Japanese War • Algeciras Conference (France/Germany/Morocco) • Second International Peace Conference: limit warfare The Big Stick Policy “Speak softly, but carry a big stick.” Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

20. Name the president who created this foreign policy… Name the foreign policy… “The United States should focus on advancing American economic interests in Latin America and Asia.” • Promote U.S. trade by supporting U.S. enterprises abroad. Dollar Diplomacy • Use econ investments to bolster U.S. economy • Achieved very little success William Howard Taft 1909-1913

21. Name the president who created this foreign policy… Name the foreign policy… “The United States should focus on advancing democracy throughout the world.” • The United States should “right past wrongs.” Moral Diplomacy Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917 “New Freedom in Government”