Imperialism

1. Imperialism “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

2. Industrial Revolution transformed the West in two ways:1. Science2. Technology Definition: Imperialism – domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

3. Causes • 1. Economic Interests • Natural Resources – rubber, petroleum, manganese, palm oil • New Markets - to sell factory goods • 2. Political & Military • Bases – to resupply steam powered ships and naval vessels with coal • Nationalism – claimed that colonies were needed for national security

4. Causes • Humanitarianism • Missionaries, doctors and colonial officials were sent to spread the blessings of Western Civilization (medicine, law, & Christianity) • Social Darwinism • “Survival of the Fittest” • European races were superior to all races. Conquest and Destruction of weaker races will improve the human species.

5. Western Advantages • Strong Economies • Well Organized Govt’s • Powerful Armies • Superior Technology (Maxim Gun) • Medical Knowledge (ie. Quinine) • Resistance? • Strengthened some invaded societies • Domestically • Tools for the rich • Immoral -

6. Types of Rule • Colonies • Direct Rule – officials sent to rule (French) • Indirect Rule – local leaders ruled (British) • Protectorates • Local rulers expected to follow the advice of European Advisors (cheaper) • Sphere of Influence • Outside power claims exclusive investment and trading privileges

7. Africa1914

8. Early Contact in Africa • Explorers – Goal was to reach the interior of Africa using the Niger, Nile, and Congo Rivers. • Missionaries – spread Christianity, build schools and medical clinics • Dr. Livingstone – most famous, created a detailed travel of Africa “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?

9. European Scramble • King Leopold of Belgium -1860’s attains control of the Congo. (Ivory & Rubber) • Eventually had to turn the Congo over to the government due to brutalization of workers.

11. Berlin Conference • Meeting of European nation in 1884. • Recognized Belgium’s claim to the Congo, but free trade on the Congo and Niger River. • European country could not claim power without setting up a government office. In 20 years, Europe carved new borders and territories with complete disregard of original citizens.

12. Political Cartoons

14. Resistance • Nehanda – female ruler of the Shona Tribe, gathered an army and fought the British. Captured and Executed. • Menelik II – Ruler who modernized Ethiopia • Built modern roads and bridges, schools, and imported weapons. • Defeated an invading Italian army in 1896 to remain independent. • Elite Class – African upper class emerged, Western educated, who supported independence.

15. Muslim World 3 Major Muslim Empires • Mughals (India) • Ottomans (Middle East) • Safavids (Iran) All in decline, central governments lose control

16. Ottoman Empire1798-1923

17. Ottoman Empire • Pashas – local rulers • Revolts throughout empire • Eastern Europe • North Africa • Egypt claims independence • Westernization was one of the key reason for uprising

18. Young Turks • 1908 – Overthrow of the sultan • Goal was to reform in order to save the empire • Armenian Genocide • Muslim Turks distrusted Armenian Christians • Aprox 1 million killed over 25 years • Still a highly sensitive topic today

19. Egypt Muhammad Ali “Father of Modern Egypt” Dynasty 1805-1914

20. Egypt • Introduce modern political and economic reform • Hired military experts to train military • Suez Canal (1869) • 100 mile waterway connecting Med and Red Sea • Egypt ran out of money to finish project • Britain bought the shares to the Canal • Became lifeline to India • Egypt becomes a protectorate of England. Gov remains official of Ottoman Empire • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlM1G3oaUZo

21. Iran • Sphere of Influence • Russian in the North • Britain in the South • Founding of oil in 1900’s • Iranian gov’t persuaded to allow special economic rights to foreign powers.

22. Imperialism in India

23. British Rule in India • British East India Company • British trading company that ruled India’s political & military affairs • Controlled 3/5 of India by early 1800s • Took advantage of India’s cultural differences, making it difficult for Indians to unite against British

25. Sepoy Rebellion • Sepoys= Indian soldiers hired by British East India Company • Growing distrust of the British leads to revolt • Sepoys went on rampage, killing men, women, and children • Rivalries between Hindus & Muslims make it difficult for Indians to work together • Britain crushes the rebellion, burns down villages, slaughters thousands

26. India Becomes a Colony • 1876: India becomes British colony, the “brightest jewel” • Direct rule using viceroys, British officials • 3,500 officials ruled approx. 300 million people

27. Pros & Cons of British Rule Positives Negatives Convert Hindus to Christianity Disrespect towards India’s cultural heritage Selling of British industrial goods destroyed local industries Increased population  starvation: between 1800 and 1900, 30 million Indians died of starvation • Introduced advances such as roads, railroads, and the telegraph to India • Brought order and stability • Reduced crime rate

28. Rise of Indian Nationalism • British rule leads to new class of western-educated Indians  push for an end to imperial rule • Indian National Congress: professionals and business leaders who used peaceful protest, support western modernization • Muslims: Muslims & Hindus worked together at first, but Muslims feared persecution from Hindus & wanted a separate nation

29. Mohandas Gandhi • Returned to India after encouraging nonviolent civil disobedience in S. Africa • Became the leader of India’s independence movement • Continued to encourage nonviolent resistance • Britain grants India independence in 1947