The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution AP World History

2. Discussion Question What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to begin in England?

3. Causes of the Industrial Revolution • Favorable natural resources • Agricultural Revolution • Population Pressure • Growth of large manufacturing sector • Cottage industry (putting-out system) • Huge advantages in world trade • Provide necessary capital? • Technological developments • Government support of business

4. Favorable Natural Resources • Coal • Production • 1750—2.5 million tons • 1828—15 million tons • Technology • Originally relied upon muscle power • Later helped by animal power and carts on rail • Use of gunpowder • Iron • Coke replaced charcoal for smelting iron • Better methods for smelting iron

5. Coal Mining in Britain

6. Agricultural Revolution • New techniques & practices • Enclosure movement- • Crop rotation • Use of horses • New technologies • Farmers treat farmingas science • Jethro Tull’s seed drill • Metal farm implements

7. Great Britain’s Population Growth 1500-1850

8. Growth of Manufacturing • Cottage Industry (Putting-out System) • Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home • Part-time or full-time work done by families • Women and children helped with production • Merchants distributed raw materials to spinners and weavers • Constant shortages of thread led to new ways of spinning cotton

9. Textile Industry Spinning Jenny—1770 1 worker could run 8 spindles instead of 1 Water Frame—1779 Machine for spinning using water power Spinning Mule—1779 Combined spinning jenny & water frame Rise of factory system Power Loom—1785 Not widely adopted until 1850 Led to riots by hand weavers Other Inventions Steam Engine—1763 James Watt made steam engines practical for running machinery Cotton Gin—1793 Eli Whitney’s invention increased the available supply of cotton Steamboat—1807 Robert Fulton Locomotive—1814 George Stephenson Technological Advancements

10. Clockwise from top left: the spinning jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom

11. Clockwise from top left: the factory system, Watt’s steam engine, and Stephenson’s locomotive

12. Government Supports Business • England’s Economic Advantages • A central bank • Well-developed credit market • Government encouraged technological change and free markets • Supported capitalism • Labor surplus • Builds railroads, canals, and better roads

13. Discussion Question What were the positive and negative effects of early industrialization?

14. Factory System Textile Factory Workers in England

15. Textile Factory Workers

16. Increasing Wealth

17. Urbanization • Effects related to urbanization • Urban overcrowding • Poor housing & sanitation • Rising crime rates • Suburbanization • Government functions shift • Sewer systems • Housing regulations • Police forces

18. Industrial Manchester

19. Industrial Staffordshire

20. Coalbrookdale by Night

21. Problem of Pollution The Silent Highwayman – 1858 Father Thames Introduces His Offspring (Diphtheria, Scrofula, and Cholera) to the Fair City of London

22. The New Industrial City Above: Early 19th century London by Gustave Dore

24. Changing Labor Conditions • Women & children are majority of laborers by 1816 • Paid less • Many lived in factory dorms • Work became unpleasant • Workers separated from family • Punctuality & efficiency stressed • Poor working hours & wages, unemployment, & frequent accidents • Labor riots were common • Luddites

25. Changing Family Values • Women withdrew from formal jobs • New roles in caring for children • Moral status improved • Education stressed by middle class families • Children seen as a source of emotional satisfaction

26. Cultural Changes • Rise of Mass Leisure Culture • Widespread advertising creates consumer fads (bicycle) • Newspapers become popular • Radio and motion pictures • Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing, horse racing • Family vacations for the wealthy and middle class

27. Adjustments to Industrial Life • Demographic Transition • Declining birth rates • Declining death rates for children • Family size decreases • Life expectancy increased • Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur • Women began to outlive men • Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s

28. Spread of Industrialization by 1850

29. 2nd Industrial Revolution • Scientific advances applied to industry • Major advances in physics and chemistry • Led by the U.S. and Germany • Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting to New York City in 1882 • General Electric and Westinghouse become the first multinational corporations • New business structures: corporations, trusts, and cartels

30. 2nd Industrial Revolution • Advances in communications • Needed by business managers to control their many branches • Telegraph (1844) & telephone (1876) • Methods of Mass Production • Electric power replaces steam power • Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913) • New waves of immigration • Global industrialization: Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Japan

31. New York City, 1910

32. Responses to Industrialization • Changes in government functions • The “Constitutional Question” settled by 1850 • The “Social Question” • Beginning of the welfare state • Social insurance (worker’s compensation, unemployment, etc.) • Symbolized extension of government • Corresponds with the democratization of the political system

33. Reform Movements • Political Reform Movements • Utilitarianism • Socialism • Communism • The Communist Manifesto (1848) • New Political Parties • Socialists • Communists • Methodist Church Karl Marx

34. Labor Reform • Labor unions • Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to push for reforms • Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions • Reform laws • Combination Acts of 1825 – Legalizes labor unions • Factory Act of 1833 – Child Labor • Mines Act of 1842 – Women and children cannot work underground

35. Democratic Reforms • Great Britain • Reform Bill of 1832 • Chartist Movement • Working class suffrage in 1867 • Rural laborers in 1884 • United States • In 1800 property was requirement to vote • All white males could vote by mid-1850s • 15th Amendment (1870)

36. Feminist Movements • Goals • Sought legal and economic rights • Women’s suffrage • Leadership • Middle class women • Emmeline Pankhurst • Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony • English women gain the right to vote 1918 • U.S. in 1920 with the 19th amendment