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Paris Peace Negotiations

This document discusses the key sticking points in the Paris Peace Negotiations regarding Germany's post-World War I treatment. It contrasts President Wilson's idealistic approach to peace with those of other Allied victors, exploring the rationale behind these differing views. The implications of the Versailles Treaty, particularly the War Guilt Clause and reparations, and their potential impacts on Germany and Europe are analyzed. Furthermore, it examines the League of Nations' structure, effectiveness, and the political, social, and economic effects of the Treaty on Germany.

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Paris Peace Negotiations

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  1. Paris Peace Negotiations APEH Unit 13/14

  2. “Sticking Points”: Germany • Treatment of Germany • Difference in approaches: Wilson vs. other Allied victors • Wilson: __(write in lines to the right)_________________________________ • GB/Fr/It: __(write in lines to the right)_________________________________

  3. “Sticking Points”: Germany • Rationale behind approaches (the “why”): • Wilson: __(write in lines to the right)___________________________________________________________________________________________ • GB/Fr/It: __(write in lines to the right)__________________________________________________________________________________________ • Possible future impacts on Germany and Europe’s peace

  4. League of Nations: Purpose • Preserve ________________ through _______________________ action • Disputes referred to the League’s Council • Promote international cooperation in _____________________ and __________________ affairs

  5. League: Structure and Powers • Main bodies: • Assembly (legislative body) • Council (executive body) • Permanent Secretariat • Two essential wings: • Permanent Court of International Justice • International Labour Organization

  6. League: Structure and Powers • No clear definition of ____________________ for Assembly and Council • ______________________ required for most decisions (definitely for mandates/sanctions) • No ______________________ of its own; relied on forces “donated” by member states

  7. League: Effectiveness • Predict the effectiveness of the League in achieving its purposes: • Will it do what Wilson intended it would do? Why/why not? • What specific snags would there be? • Briefly write your predictions.

  8. League: Effectiveness • Flaws • No military power to enforce mandates • Lack of support from major powers • _________ – never joined (didn’t get _______________________________ approval) • ____________________ only member 1926-34 (7 yrs) • _____________ only 5 yrs (1934-39) • ______________________________withdrew in the 30s • Left only _______________________

  9. League: Effectiveness • It proved difficult for governments so used to operating independently to begin working through this new international organization.

  10. Paris Peace Negotiations Effects on Germany

  11. Versailles Treaty Mandates • (BRAT) • B____________: Germany had to accept the War Guilt Clause (full blame for the war) • R_______________________: had to pay £6,600 million ($335 billion today) to Allied victors • A___________: no navy or air force at all; army of only 100,000 men max; no troops in Rhineland • T_____________________: lost oversea colonies

  12. Economic Effects • Avg. cost of warfor each majorparticipant • Loan triangle…

  13. Economic Effects • ______________________ fell by over 40% 1914-1918 • Some estimates suggest 35% of all trade was via ______________________ • _____________ shortages left weakened ____________________________ • _________________________________of the German mark

  14. 50,000,000 mark

  15. Social Effects • Percentage of _____________________ in workforce grew to 37% during war • Soldiers felt they won the war and were ____________________ • Many looked for people to blame (Communists, Jews…) • _______________________________ sought to regain/protect social order in the new democracy…

  16. Political Effects • Formation of the ______________________________

  17. Political Effects • Weimar Republic • Strengths • _____________________________ elected President and Reichstag (equivalent of House of Commons) • Voting rights: ______________________________________________over 20 y.o. • Civil freedoms (speech, legal equality)

  18. Political Effects • Weaknesses • Voting system encouraged many _____________ • impossible to form stable gov’t with a majority in the Reichstag • hindered ____________________________ (nothing got done!) • Article 48: Presidential rule __________________ ____________in state of emergency • No specific definition of “emergency” • will be used by ____________________ in the future…

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