1. Taxonomy and Classification Honors Biology 2010 15.15 and 15.19 Systematics 16.1 and 16.2 Bacteria and Archaea 16.11 Protists 17.1 Plants 17.14 Fungi 18.1 Plants

2. Important Root Words form, shape law, science order, arrangement two ancient, old good, true before nucleus tribe to produce name

3. Early Systems of Classification • Systematics: the field of biology that focuses on classification and grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships • Taxonomy • Naming • Describing • Classifying • Classification • Grouping organisms by their similarities or relationships • Aristotle • First to classify organisms 2,000 years ago • Classified organisms as either plant or animal

4. Levels of Classification • Methods used to classify organisms • Phylogeny: relatedness among organisms based on evolutionary history • Morphology: using appearance, form or structure to determine relationships • Taxonomic categories • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

5. Binomial Nomenclature • Scientific Name • Genus + specific epithet • Homo sapiens • Quercus alba • Linnaeus, mid-18th century • Facilitates international science Odontotaenius disjunctus Armadillidium vulgare Classification Video

6. Using Dichotomous Keys • A device that can be used to easily identify an unknown organism.  • A dichotomous key consists of a series of two part statements that describe characteristic of organisms.  • At each step of a dichotomous key the user is presented with two choices.  • As the user makes a choice about a particular characteristic of an organism they are led to a new branch of the key.  • Eventually the user will be led to the name of the organism they are trying to identify.

7. Comprehension Check Homo sapiens : Homo neanderthalis :: a. Melanoplus darwinian : Ulna darwinian b. Red Oak : White Oak c. Acer rubrium : Acer sacharus d. Anolis carolinenins: Turdus migratoria

8. The Six Kingdoms • Based on cell structure & nutrition

9. The Three Domains • Based on molecular differences • Archaea • Lack simple RNA polymerase (enzyme needed for making proteins) • Eubacteria • Peptidoglycan in cell walls • Eukarya • Eukaryotes The Three Domains Video

10. Bacteria Domain • Unicellular • Prokaryotic Cells • Cell walls made of peptidoglycan • Very diverse group including free living organisms and deadly parasites • Some can photosynthesize, some can not

11. Archaea Domain • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Live in extreme environments • Most will be killed by oxygen • Some can photosynthesize/chemosynthesize, some can not

12. Eukarya Domain • Some unicellular, but most are multicellular • All have cells with a nucleus • 4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms) • Protista: things that can not be classified as plant, animal or fungi • Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food • Plant: Photosynthesizers • Animals: Heterotrophs, high amount of diversity

13. Comprehension Check You discover a new organism that has RNA polymerase, but does not have peptidoglycan in it’s cell wall. • What domain does it belong to? How can you tell? • Can you figure out what Kingdom it belongs in based solely on this information? Why or why not?