Special Education

1. Special Education Legal aspects

2. Who • Students who qualify as having a disability • …and need to have instruction not available or deliverable in general education

3. WHO (according to IDEA) • IN GENERAL- The term `child with a disability' means a child-- (i) with mental retardation, hearing impairments (including deafness), speech or language impairments, visual impairments (including blindness), serious emotional disturbance (referred to in this title as `emotional disturbance'), orthopedic impairments, autism, traumatic brain injury, other health impairments, or specific learning disabilities; and (ii) who, by reason thereof, needs special education and related services.

4. From the introduction to IDEA 04 • Disability is a natural part of the human experience and in no way diminishes the right of individuals to participate in or contribute to society…

5. From the introduction to IDEA 04 • …Improving educational results for children with disabilities is an essential element of our national policy of ensuring equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency for individuals with disabilities.

6. What is special education? • Specially Designed Instruction (SDI) • Remedial • Compensatory • Alternative

7. Where • Placement is not intervention. • General education classroom • Inclusion • Mainstreaming • Resource room • Self contained with partial inclusion • Self contained • Home • Hospital

8. Educational policy must be: • Based on appropriate legal authority • Federal • State • Case law • Local School Board

9. Early Federal • Education is not mentioned in the constitution • Citizens were governed primarily by the constitution of the state they lived in • U.S. citizenship was secondary to state citizenship

10. Laws Specific to Education • Early 1900’s Compulsory Attendance laws • 1957 National Cooperative Education Research Program • 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act • 1969 Jacob Javits Act • 1973 Rehabilitation Act • Section 504

11. 14th amendment All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

12. Laws IDEA ADA 14th amendment Litigation Cases Interpretation of the law Factors influencing practice Ethics of practice

13. Why do we need laws on education for special education? “While States, local educational agencies, and educational service agencies are primarily responsible for providing an education for all children with disabilities, it is in the national interest that the Federal Government have a supporting role in assisting State and local efforts to educate children with disabilities in order to improve results for such children and to ensure equal protection of the law. “

14. Public Law 94-142 1975 • Education for All Handicapped Children Act • Now called IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

15. Subsequent reauthorizations • 1983 and 1986 • Laws enacted to help states plan and develop early intervention services • Required IFSP: Individual Family Service Plan

16. ADA • 1990 • Americans with Disabilities Act • Covers adults as well as children • Provides for accessible buildings, etc. • Discrimination on the basis of a disability is not legal

17. IDEA 04 • IDEA is a law that requires reauthorization periodically • Requires that students have a Free and Appropriate Public Education • Has led to a large body of case law

18. Six Principles of the IDEA • FAPE • Appropriate evaluation • Individualized Educational Plan • Least Restrictive Environment • Parent and Student Participation in Decision Making • Procedural Due Process

19. January 8, 2002 • ESEA: Education and Secondary Act • Law responsible for majority of federally funded K-12 education programs • This reauthorization period is 6 years

20. ESEA Basics • ESEA is the law authorizing the majority of Federal K-12 education programs • This year ESEA funding went up 24 percent to over $12 billion • ESEA was signed into law on January 8, 2002 • New reauthorization period is six years, FY 2002-FY 2007

21. How Title I Funds Can Be Spent • Preschool programs • Reduce class-size or provide other related educational supports by hiring additional teachers • Hiring paraprofessionals • Extended-day/Extended-year programs • Implementing exemplary instructional programs • Professional development for teachers and paraprofessionals

22. What do we know (according to IDEA 04) (A) having high expectations for such children and ensuring their access to the general education curriculum in the regular classroom, to the maximum extent possible, in order to-- (i) meet developmental goals and, to the maximum extent possible, the challenging expectations that have been established for all children; and (ii) be prepared to lead productive and independent adult lives, to the maximum extent possible;

23. What do we know (according to IDEA 04) • (B) strengthening the role and responsibility of parents and ensuring that families of such children have meaningful opportunities to participate in the education of their children at school and at home

24. What do we know (according to IDEA 04) (C) coordinating this title with other local, educational service agency, State, and Federal school improvement efforts, including improvement efforts under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, in order to ensure that such children benefit from such efforts and that special education can become a service for such children rather than a place where such children are sent;

25. What do we know (according to IDEA 04) (D) providing appropriate special education and related services, and aids and supports in the regular classroom, to such children, whenever appropriate;

26. What do we know (according to IDEA 04) (E) supporting high-quality, intensive preservice preparation and professional development for all personnel who work with children with disabilities in order to ensure that such personnel have the skills and knowledge necessary to improve the academic achievement and functional performance of children with disabilities, including the use of scientifically based instructional practices, to the maximum extent possible;

27. What do we know (according to IDEA 04) • (F) providing incentives for whole-school approaches, scientifically based early reading programs, positive behavioral interventions and supports, and early intervening services to reduce the need to label children as disabled in order to address the learning and behavioral needs of such children;

28. What do we know (according to IDEA 04) (G) focusing resources on teaching and learning while reducing paperwork and requirements that do not assist in improving educational results; and

29. What do we know (according to IDEA 04) (H) supporting the development and use of technology, including assistive technology devices and assistive technology services, to maximize accessibility for children with disabilities.

30. Who is going to pay for it? the number of children with disabilities in the State who received special education and related services-- multiplied by 40 percent of the average per-pupil expenditure in public elementary schools and secondary schools in the United States

31. $$$$$$ • $ must not supplant the general education dollars • Special education is in excess • IDEA is under funded

32. Funding for Special Education: The Travis Story

33. “No Child Left Behind and the new IDEA have not only removed the final barrier separating special education from general education, they have put the needs of students with disabilities front and center.  Special education is no longer a peripheral issue.  It's central to the success of any school.”-  Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings