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Section Outcome (TCP/IP Services)

Section Outcome (TCP/IP Services). Describe four (4) services that are part of the TCP/IP protocol suite that would probably be implemented within a network centre to manage: naming within legacy systems automated issuing of IP Addresses name to IP Address translation private IP addressing.

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Section Outcome (TCP/IP Services)

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  1. Section Outcome (TCP/IP Services) • Describe four (4) services that are part of the • TCP/IP protocol suite that would probably be • implemented within a network centre to manage: • naming within legacy systems • automated issuing of IP Addresses • name to IP Address translation • private IP addressing

  2. Overview • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Domain Name System (DNS) • Windows Internet Naming System (WINS) • Network Address Translation (NAT)

  3. DHCP • Administering IP Address allocation • - Static configuration (becomes impossible as network grows in size) • - Dynamic configuration (automated system of IP address, subnet details andother network information delivery)

  4. DHCP Note, not just for delivering the IP Addresses

  5. Simplified but typical infrastructure Hamilton Network Centre IT Div Network Centre Telkom ISP DHCP Server Firewall Free BSD Diginet Link To upstream service provider East lab etc DNS Server Jackall Gecko

  6. DHCP • Static VS Dynamic IP Addressing • Pool of IP Addresses known as Scopes • DHCP Renewal Process • DHCP Server per Segment • DHCP Relay Agent

  7. DHCP DHCPDiscover DHCPOffer DHCPRequest DHCP Client DHCP Server DHCPAcknowledgement

  8. DHCP • Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) • 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 • NetworkAddress Translation (NAT) • Multicast Scopes (224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255) • Scopes and Superscopes

  9. DHCP • Three DHCP Implementations: • Dynamic allocation • - Leased basis from available pool • Automatic allocation • - Permanent allocation for duration of communication. Maintains historical list. • Static allocation • - MAC/IP address allocation, one MAC address will have the same IP address all the time

  10. Network Address Translation (NAT) Office Telkom ISP Internal IP Addresses Diginet Link A class C IP Address Computer running: Network Address Translation (NAT) Firewalling DHCP To upstream service provider

  11. DNS • Host File or DNS Server • Different Levels of Domain • Root-level “.” • Top level domain (gov / com / org) • Second level (Course / Microsoft) • - Subdomain (sales / marketing)

  12. DNS • Top Level • gov (U.S. government agencies) • com (Commercial organizations) • mil (U.S. military services) • edu (Educational institutions) • net (ISP’s) • - org (Nonprofit organisations)

  13. DNS • Primary Name Server has DNS zone file. • Authoritative for Domain means server holds the main DNS zone file • Primary name server holds a read / write copy of zone file • Incremental Zone Transfers

  14. DNS Query Process

  15. DNS and ISP’s

  16. DNS • Win2003/7+ provides a full-featured DNS server integrated with older DNS methods such as host files • FreeBSD, UNIX etc • Primary and Secondary Zones • Can be primary server for one zone and secondary for another • Win 2003/7+ DNS supports Active Directory • Dynamic DNS, clients can create their own A records

  17. DNS • Caching-only servers • Forward lookup zones • In-addr.arpa (name given to reverse lookup zone file) • Iterative vs recursive • Secondary name servers (read only copies of zone file) • Zone transfers

  18. WINS • Used for identification in older pre-Windows 2000/3/7 Server versions. Just as DNS provides IP Addresses for host names, Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) provides IP Addresses for NETBIOS computer names.

  19. WINS Subnet 1 Subnet 2 No Broadcast Traffic Router Other Servers Other Servers WINS Server WINS Server

  20. Proxies Forward Facing Proxy

  21. Proxies • Keep machines behind it anonymous. • To speed up access to resources (using caching). • To log / audit usage • To scan transmitted content for malware before delivery. • To scan outbound content, e.g., for data loss prevention. • Access enhancement/restriction

  22. Proxies Open Proxy Allows users to conceal their IP Address

  23. Proxies Reverse Proxy

  24. Proxies • Security • Act as a firewall • SSL Encryption • Load-balancing • Cache static content • Compression • Spoon-feeding • Multiple servers on the same public IP address

  25. Firewalls

  26. Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

  27. References:

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