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Ocean and Atmosphere

Ocean and Atmosphere. Earth’s Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation. Atmospheric properties Earth’s Energy Budget Vertical Atmospheric Circulation Surface Atmospheric Circulation. Atmospheric Temperature. Water vapor saturation pressure. How much water vapor the air can “hold”.

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Ocean and Atmosphere

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  1. Ocean and Atmosphere

  2. Earth’s Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation • Atmospheric properties • Earth’s Energy Budget • Vertical Atmospheric Circulation • Surface Atmospheric Circulation

  3. Atmospheric Temperature

  4. Water vapor saturation pressure How much water vapor the air can “hold”

  5. Density of Air • Which is more dense, DRY air or HUMID air? • Air: N2 (14*2=28) O2 (16*2=32) • Water: H2O (2+16=18) Light molecules displace heavier molecules…

  6. Density of Air • Humid air is light, and rises • Dry air is heavy, and sinks

  7. Water vapor, convection, condensation 1. Adiabatic Expansion  Cooling 2. Condensation  Release latent heat of vaporization

  8. Water Budget

  9. Earth’s Heat Sources • Geothermal = 0.1 cal/cm2/day • Solar = 2880 0.1 cal/cm2/day BALANCED BUDGET! • Wavelength (μm) = 2900 / T (Ko) • SUN = 2900/5600 ≈ 0.5 μm (visible light) • Earth = 2900/290 ≈ 10 μm (infrared)

  10. Sun’s Radiation

  11. Earth’s Heat Budget

  12. Earth’s Heat Budget

  13. Atmosphere reflection and absorbance

  14. Global Warming: Increased heat absorption in the atmosphere

  15. Seasonal variability in solar radiation

  16. Latitudinal variability in solar radiation

  17. Latitudinal Heat Budget

  18. So what are the effects of uneven heating? • Less Dense Air: • HOT • HUMID • More Dense Air: • COLD • DRY

  19. Atmospheric Convection in a NON-Rotating Earth HIGH Surface Air Pressure LOW Surface Air Pressure

  20. Low & High Pressure

  21. But…The Earth Spins! FLASH NEWS: The US attempts to stop the axis of Evil by bombing Quito (Ecuador), using cannons located in Buffalo (NY)!

  22. Bombing of Quito from Buffalo

  23. Bombing of Quito from Buffalo

  24. Bombing of Quito from Buffalo

  25. Earth Rotation: Coriolis Effect • Apparent deflection force due to Earth’s rotation • Acts on freely moving objects • North Hemisphere: Deflection to the right • South Hemisphere: Deflection to the left • C = (2Ωsin(lat))v • V=velocity of a particle in motion • Ω=constant (angular velocity of Earth) • So: • High v = high C ; High latitude = high C • No Coriolis at equator, maximum at poles

  26. Figure 6.16

  27. Figure 6.17

  28. Atmospheric Convection Cells

  29. Figure 6.19

  30. Global atmospheric generalities • Hadley Cells (subtropical) are quite stable • Pressure systems: • Equator: LOW (Doldrums or ITCZ- Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) • 30’s: HIGH (Horse Latitudes) • 60’s: LOW

  31. Figure 6.21

  32. Doldrums Horse latitudes

  33. Global atmospheric generalities • Hadley Cell is quite stable • Pressure systems: • Equator: LOW (Doldrums or ITCZ- Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) • 30’s: HIGH (Horse Latitudes) • 60’s: LOW • In between Pressure systems: • WIND!! • Trade Winds • Westerlies: (Roaring Forties, Screaming Fifties)

  34. Figure 6.19

  35. Seasonal Wind Variation

  36. Seasonal Wind Variation

  37. Monsoons (Indian Ocean)

  38. Precipitation / Evaporation

  39. Surface Ocean Salinities

  40. Land – Ocean Temperatures

  41. Local Winds: Sea Breeze

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