1 / 41

Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition and Chapter 42: Respiration

Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition and Chapter 42: Respiration. Mariya Monastyrskaya Jim Gerhart Julia Dovgy. Nutritional Requirements of Animals. Three nutrition needs Chemical energy Raw materials Essential nutrients

melita
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition and Chapter 42: Respiration

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 41: Animal Nutritionand Chapter 42: Respiration MariyaMonastyrskaya Jim Gerhart Julia Dovgy

  2. Nutritional Requirements of Animals • Three nutrition needs • Chemical energy • Raw materials • Essential nutrients • substances that animals cannot make for themselves from any raw materials and has to take it in its pre-made form

  3. Four Classes of Essential Nutrients • Amino acids • Fatty acids • Vitamins • Minerals

  4. Intracellular vs. Extracellular Digestion • Intracellular (inside cell) • Food vacuoles • Digestion with lysosomes • Extracellular (outside) • Hydrolysis • For bigger prey

  5. Chapter 41 Digestive System http://georgiahealthinfo.gov

  6. Mouth Teeth Pharynx Epiglottis Tongue Salivary Glands Uvula http://weblogs.newsday.com

  7. Mechanical Disgestion • Teeth, tongue, and saliva • Mastication: Chewing • Increases surface area exposed to digestive juices • Peristalsis: Contractions • Allows food particles to mix with enzymes and gastric juices

  8. Teeth • Made of tissues varying in density and hardness • 3 different types of teeth needed for digestion • Incisors • Canines • Molars http://wikapedia.com

  9. Tongue • Extremely muscular and mobile • Epithelial cells • Located on the floor of the mouth • Tasting, chewing and swallowing http://webcrawler.com

  10. Salivary Glands • Produce saliva in mouth • Mucin • Buffers preventing tooth decay • Antibacterial agents • Salivary amylase • Acini • Three pairs of salivary glands http://3.bp.blogspot.com

  11. Pharynx • Short and broad muscular tube beginning at the back of the mouth • From mouth and nose to esophagus and larynx • Permits passage of swallowed solids and liquids into esophagus • Divided into three parts • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx http://www.web-books.com

  12. Epiglottis • Flap of tissue preventing food from entering the trachea • Upward during breathing • Horizontal when swallowing • Food goes down the esophagus http://people.eku.edu

  13. Uvula • Cone-shaped mass of tissue hanging from the soft palate • Works to make sure food goes down the right tube while swallowing • Blocks off airway to the nose http://www.goldbamboo.com

  14. Esophagus • A muscular tube that passes food from pharynx to the stomach • 25 cm long • Behind trachea and heart • Transport of liquids depends on how body is positioned when swallowing http://assets.aarp.org

  15. The Stomach http://healthguide.howstuffworks.com/stomach-picture.htm

  16. Chemical Digestion • Begins in the mouth with salivary amylase • Gastric fluid • Pepsinogen pepsin peptides • Hydrochloric acid- low pH, dissolves minerals, and kills bacteria • Mucus protects stomach from the acid and pepsin http://www.oralchelation.com/faq/images/stomach_diagram.jpg

  17. Formation of Chyme • 3-4 hours of stomach digestion • Chyme • Peristalsis forces chyme out of the stomach • Pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme • Then it mixes with secretions form the liver and pancreas in the small intestine http://www.gesa.org.au/digestive-system/stomach.cfm

  18. Small Intestine • 21 ft long • Duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum • Continuation of chemical digestion of chyme • Glands release enzymes that complete digestion http://www.gesa.org.au/digestive-system/small_intestine.cfm http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/dige_sys_fin.html

  19. Small Intestine • Folds of intestine covered with villi • Absorption • The end products of digestion are transferred into the circulatory system • Lacteals http://www.belmarpharmacy.com/images/clip_image002.jpg

  20. Large Intestine • “Colon” • Peristalsis • Four major parts of the colon • Sigmoid colon leads into the rectum and anal canal • Feces • Recovering water • Harmless bacteria http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19220.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19220.htm&h=320&w=400&sz=22&tbnid=GtQVeA06-ND7RM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlarge%2Bintestine&hl=en&usg=__KRfR924GR6x6tIMuCUvqiBZ78to=&ei=8HUkSu69LJ3Ktgebq5zdBg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image

  21. Liver • Right of the stomach and is the second largest organ in the body • Products of digestion are transferred to the liver for further processing • Produces bile • Cells contain a number of enzymes that break down toxins or chemicals • Stores glucose as glycogen, makes proteins and breaks down toxic substances Liver Picture: http://health.allrefer.com/health/biliary-atresia-bile-produced-in-the-liver.html

  22. Bile • Digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder aiding in digestion of fats • Modified by addition of a watery bicarbonate as it flows through the bile duct http://health.allrefer.com/health/sclerosing-cholangitis-bile-pathway.html http://health.allrefer.com/health/biliary-atresia-bile-produced-in-the-liver.html

  23. Gallbladder • Bile is transferred to the gallbladder • It is a sac-like organ that stores and concentrates bile • Bile is released into the small intestine through the common bile duct when chyme is present Picture: http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/digestive/middle/gallbladder.html

  24. Pancreas • Lies behind the stomach and has two important functions • It produces sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid • It also produces enzymes that break down macromolecules • Pancreatic fluid enters the small intestine through the pancreatic duct Picture: http://www.dwp.gov.uk/medical/med_conditions/pd/

  25. Diseases of the Digestive System: • Common Sicknesses/Diseases: • Acid Reflex • Indigestion • Diarrhea • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg • Short Bowel Syndrome • Stomach Cancer (Gastric Cancer)

  26. Chapter 42 Respiration

  27. Respiration – Gas exchange • Main idea • O2 (from the respiratory medium) in and CO2 out • Respiratory surface – the more area, the more diffusion of gases, the better the respiration

  28. Advantages and Disadvantages of Water as a Respiratory Medium • D • Low concentration of oxygen • Lower diffusion rate • A • Simplest kind of diffusion

  29. Respiratory Adaptations in animals

  30. Respiration by lungs

  31. Gas exchange in the lungs • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d69oc8XAIyQ

  32. Positive and Negative Pressure Breathing • Positive pressure- air pushed in • Negative pressure- air drawn in • Humans practice negative using manipulation of diaphragm

  33. Respiratory System of Mammals vs Birds • Mammals use lungs & diaphragm manipulation • Birds have system of air sacs that expand and contract to fill lungs • Air moves in 1 direction, and is more efficiently exchanged

  34. Lung Capacity Terms • Tidal volume- Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath • Vital Capacity- Maximum tidal volume during forced breathing • Residual volume- air left in lungs when rest is forcefully exhaled

  35. Breathing Control • Two main regions- Pons, Medulla Oblongata • Negative feedback/ stretching of lungs • Detection of carbonic acid leads to deeper breathing

  36. Partial Pressure’s Role in Gas Exchange • Partial Pressure- Amount of pressure exerted by a specific part of an atmosphere • Same concept as solute diffusion; movement from high to low partial pressure • Also applies to capillaries (diffusion into interstitial fluid)

  37. Advantages of Respiratory Pigments • O2 in solution with blood too inefficient; respiratory pigments compensate • Hemocyanin- Blue, found in mollusks and arthropods • Hemoglobin- Red. 4 subunits with an iron atom in middle of each. Can carry 4 O2 molecules

  38. The Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen • Saturation increases as partial pressure increases • Greater affinity when less oxygen is available, like in a muscle doing work • Bohr shift- change in affinity for O2 due to change in pH

  39. Carbon Dioxide Transport • 3 modes- Solution with plasma, transport by hemoglobin or *conversion to bicarbonate ions* • CO2 becomes carbonic acid, then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and H+ ions • Bicarbonate ions piggyback onto red blood cells/ convert back to CO2 in lungs

  40. Diving Animal Adaptations • More O2 stored in blood • Blood rerouted to vital areas • Myoglobin- stores 25% O2 in muscles • Fermentation operates muscles when O2 depleted

  41. Works Cited • Campbell, Neil, and Jane Reece. Biology. 6th. San Francisco: Pearson, 2002. • Sharpe, Shirlie. "Omnivore, Hebivore, Carnivore, What's the Difference?." About.com: Freshwater Aquariums. n. page. Web. 2 May. 2012. • "Mechanical and Chemical Digestion." hellolife. Digestive Health Support Group, 06 April 2010. 0. Web. 2 May 2012. <http://www.hellolife.net/digestive-health/b/mechanical-and-chemical-digestion/>.

More Related