Moderators of Bystander Apathy

1. Moderators of Bystander Apathy Situational ambiguity: In small groups, how often 1 person helps? 100% in non-ambig, 30% in ambig. Competence of other potential helpers Prior “social contract” with victim Radio at beach; Suitcase at “automat” “Contracted” more likely to NOTICE theft, and STOP theft Countering bystander apathy ____ Will one of you please help? ____ You, in the green shirt! Yes, you! Get help! X

2. Implicit Bystander Effects Garcia, Weaver, Moskowitz, & Darley, JPSP, 2002 Simply thinking about being in a group should induce bystander effects. Why? Primes: Being “deindividuated” Lowered sense of accountability Method Studies 1 and 3 1. Think about dinner with 1, 10, 30 friends 2. Filler task Study 1 DV: How much of your salary plan to donate to charity? Study 3 DV: How much time will you now give us on an experiment?

3. Studies 1 and 3 Results

4. Requesting Help: Pup Psychology

5. Milgram: Studies of Authority and Obedience

6. Just Following Orders Nuremburg Trials French Police Records of French Jews Designated for Deportation Polish train engineer taking Jews to camps

7. Milgram Study Design Instructions from Experimenter 1. Please continue. 2. The experiment requires that you continue. 3. It is absolutely essential that you continue. 4. You have no other choice, you must go on.

8. Compliance Rates

9. Milgram Movie http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCVlI-_4GZQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdUu3u9Web4 (ENTIRE ORIGINAL MOVIE) British Replication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcvSNg0HZwk

10. Defectors 1. Experience watching—what do we feel? 2. Some people laugh watching this movie—why? 3. What are clues to “defection”? Facial, postural, verbal? Turns body away from machine; hunches body into resistant, tackle posture; orients to learner rather than experimenter “I wouldn’t want that to happen to me.”

11. Milgram Movie, continued 4. What are clues that a person will be a complier? Facial, postural, verbal? Deferential: Addresses Expert’r as “sir” Postural; fixed to machine Facial expression: Pleading 5. What is self-attitude of compliers? Deprecatory: Apologizes for interrupting experiment, never shows anger, “I don’t want to be rude.” Helpless; externalizes locus of control – “He wouldn’t let me (stop)”; “He said experiment must go on.”

12. Milgram Movie, continued 6. What are signs that participants are stressed? Sweating, shaking, laughing, hyperventilating. 7. How do people cope with stress of situation? How do they attempt to calm themselves, soothe themselves? Self-touching, smoking, seek reassurance from Expt’r, from learner. 8. How do participants’ stress responses, and coping, relate to babies in affect attunement movie/article? Like infants, seek “communing” with Exptr, who responds with equivalent of neutral face. Stress leads to self-touching, to regroup, then to disregulation—laughing, breathing.

13. Emotional Strain in Milgram Study “I observed a mature and initially poised businessman enter the laboratory smiling and confident. Within 20 minutes he was reduced to a twitching, stuttering wreck who was rapidly approaching a point of nervous collapse. He constantly pulled on his earlobe, and twisted his hands. At one point he pushed his fist into his forehead and muttered: ‘Oh God, let’s stop it.’ And yet he continued to respond to every word of the experimenter, and obeyed to the end”. Stanley Milgram, 1963

14. Milgram Movie 1. Experience watching—what do we feel? • Some peop • le laugh watching this movie—why? • How do you feel about defectors? • How do you feel about compliers? • How would you respond if you were a subject?

15. Salience of Victim and Compliance

16. Salience of Experimenter/Authority and Compliance Highest: E. sits a few feet away from subject. Middle: Gives orders over the phone Least: Orders presented on tape recorder Anything odd about “tape recorder” condition?

17. Additional Variables and Compliance 1. Setting: prestigious university (Yale) vs. run-down area of town. Major or minor effect? Minor effect Why do you think this is so? 2. Social context: Compliance in groups Compliance when all others in group fully comply? 90% Compliance when one member of group defects? 10% 3. Gender: Who complies more, men or women? No Difference

18. Orne and Holland Critique of Milgram Ecological validity problem Does Milgram situation translate to real world? Did Deception Work? Did subjects believe deception, and was deception (and entire design) believable?

19. Did Orne and Holland Read Milgram Article? 1. “Each S always draws straws with the other S (confed)… Actually, slips of paper with “Learner” “Teacher” written on them. Problem? 2. “…a shock described as 45 volts (is given to S) presumably so that he knows what shocks are like.” Actually, serves to convince S that shock generator is real. Problem? 3. “…there is nothing that [the E] requires of the S that he could not as easily do himself…” i.e., why recruit S to be a teacher? Cover story explains that want to see how different teacher-types affect learning. Problem?

20. Plausibility Problems Ss have learned to be suspicious of psych experiments. ??? But this is 1960, students in 2010 believe in deceptions. Ss were not college students; working adults Scuttlebutt about experiment may have confounded results. ??? But how likely is it that any of Milgram’s Ss knew each other? Unlikely that E and Confed played roles consistently. ??? Why is this unlikely? And how would variations affect outcome?

21. Glaring Incongruities in Milgram Study A. Why would “learning” task require such extreme, severe punishment? B. Why would it be so crucial for arbitrary teacher to administer such severe treatment? C. Why would E be so blasé about learner’s sufferings, screams, heart-attack vulnerability, ominous silence? Questions: 1. Should Ss have picked up on these oddities? 2. Did you pick up on them when first viewing or studying Milgram?

22. Demand Characteristics 1. Holland does studies showing Ss will comply with all kinds of bizarre requests—tacit belief that in credible experiment, nothing truly bad can/will happen. 2. Even under hypnosis, Ss distinguish between fake outcomes (stabbing with rubber knife) and real one (getting undressed in public). 3. Holland does exact replication of Milgram; 75% claim that they did not believe deception.

23. Recent Milgram-Study Replications 2002: British artist Rod Dickerson 2006: "The Heist"-- naive Ss agree to rob bank 2006: Jerry Burger (U. Missouri), "Basic Instincts" TV show 2009: BBC "How Violent Are You" 2010: French documentary "The Game of Death", guise of game show. 2010: Dateline NBC 2011: Discovery Channel

24. Social Forces and Conformity "Stockholm Syndrome" "Battered Wife Syndrome" Patty Hearst → "Tanya"

25. Social Exclusion and Needs to Belong Williams, Cheung, & Choi, (2008) JPSP Need to belong is powerful. Groups punish members by excluding them. Ostracism understood as potent social tactic, in early childhood. Function: Keeps groups cohesive, but devastating to targets. Reactions to ostracism: depression, loneliness, anxiety, frustration, INVISIBILITY, helplessness. Frustrates four basic needs: Belonging, self-esteem, control, meaning.

26. Cyberball: Williams, K. D., & Jarvis, B. (in press).Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers.

27. Effects of Ostracism on Basic Needs Williams, Cheung, & Choi, (2008) JPSP, Study 1 NOTE: Scores Reverse Coded

28. Ostracism and Conformity Williams, Cheung, & Choi, (2008) JPSP, Study 2 Ss ostracized, not ostracized Ss complete Asch-like visual task, designated the "last" responder

29. Social Exclusion, Need to Belong, and Behavioral Mimicry Lakin, Chartrand, & Arkin, Psych Science (2008) Behavioral Mimicry: People often automatically, unconsciously mimic behaviors of those with whom they interact. Ss included or excluded by member of same group (same gender) or different group (diff. gender) Ss interact with confed (same/diff gender) whose foot moves. Results?