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The impact of an enhanced graduated driver licensing program in Queensland

The impact of an enhanced graduated driver licensing program in Queensland. Mrs Bridie Scott-Parker. Overview. The Queensland graduated driver licensing (GDL) context (post-July 2007) The experiences of young Learner drivers

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The impact of an enhanced graduated driver licensing program in Queensland

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  1. The impact of an enhanced graduated driver licensing program in Queensland Mrs Bridie Scott-Parker

  2. Overview • The Queensland graduated driver licensing (GDL) context (post-July 2007) • The experiences of young Learner drivers • Comparison of pre- (‘Original-GDL’) and post-July 2007 (‘Enhanced-GDL’) experiences • Post-July 2007 experiences • GDL-related issues • Other factors in young novice driver safety • Person-related factors • Social factors • Questions

  3. Methodologies: Pre- and Post-

  4. Results: Sociodemographics Bold font indicates a statistically-significant difference.

  5. Driving Practice Bold font indicates a statistically-significant difference. 6

  6. Duration, Difficulty and Tests Bold font indicates a statistically-significant difference.

  7. GDL-Related Issues [1] • When did Learners have most driving practice? • One third “throughout” the Learner period BUT • 50% of males & 60% of females “mainly at end” • Implications: Persistent practice effects vs ‘cramming’? • Continued practising after submitting logbook and waiting for practical driving assessment? • 95% yes • Implications: Delayed testing, ‘accruing hours’ focus? • Logbook accuracy • 83% logbook accurate (13% some rounding up, 4% included extra hours) • Risks associated with logbook inaccuracy? General riskiness?

  8. GDL-Related Issues • Compliance with GDL and general road rules • Pre-Licence driving: Reported by 12% of Learners • Unsupervised driving: Reported by 11% of Learners • Can GDL address these risky behaviours? • Role of parents? Inadequate supervision? • Difficulties detecting unlicensed driving/ plate compliance • ‘Problem young driver’: 13% of novices at highest risk • Can GDL address this group? Other interventions? • Speeding: 70% of Learners reported speeding by up to 10 km/hr, 32% by 10-20 km/hr, 13% by more than 20 km/hr • Learners continue speeding at greater amounts and more frequently as Provisional 1 drivers • Can GDL address speeding?

  9. GDL-Related Issues [2] • Punishment avoidance • Some Learners (and P1) drivers reported their parents took the demerit points on their behalf • Some Learners successfully talked themselves out of a ticket for the same offence on multiple occasions, or multiple simultaneous offences were missed by Police • One quarter of males reported actively-avoiding Police • Perceived as rewarding, so how do we address this? • Car ownership in Provisional 1 (P1) phase • 78% of P1 drivers have own car within six months • Owners report more crashes, offences, driving exposure, and risky driving • Can GDL ameliorate this risk?

  10. GDL-Related Issues [3] • Younger (17-18 years) vs Older (19-20 years) • Pre-Licence driving: 12% of younger and older • Unsupervised driving: 10% of younger, 20% of older novices • Learner duration: younger = 15 months; older = 25 months • Practice characteristics • ‘Difficult’ to obtain practice: 20% of younger; 38% of older novices • Parents/friends supervisors: younger = 90 hours; older = 84 hours • Professional instructor: younger = 10 hours; older = 14 hours • Logbook accurate: 84% of younger; 79% of older • Punishment avoidance • Avoid Police: 18% of younger; 28% of older (40% of older males)

  11. Personal Factors [1] • Sociodemographic characteristics • Gender: Males consistently more risky (e.g., speeding, unsupervised driving, actively avoiding Police) • Age: ‘Younger’ young novice drivers reported more speeding, ‘older’ reported more difficulty practising, longer Learner period and more logbook inaccuracy • Attitudes: More risky attitudes, more risky driving; develop before licensed • Willingness: Novices report greater willingness than intentions to be risky • How can GDL address these?

  12. Personal Factors [2] • Psychological state • Psychological distress (anxiety, depression) • Depression, anxiety predictors of risky driving • Depression predictor of speeding • Suggests a need for countermeasures to complement GDL • Emotional driving • Sensation seeking (personality trait) • Upset so ‘get in car and drive’ • Become upset whilst driving • More risky driving behaviour • Can GDL address this?

  13. Social Factors [1] • Parents and Peers • Social environment exposes adolescent to attitudes and behaviours regarding road use • Dynamics of adolescence • Influence adolescents’ attitudes and behaviours • Observe their attitudes and behaviours • See the consequences for these (punishments/ rewards) • Imitate their driving behaviour • Receive punishments and rewards for their own driving and this has considerable implications for risky driving • ‘Cool’ status in social group, teased for not showing off • Confiscate mobile phone for risky driving

  14. Social Factors [2] • Interviews and surveys: Parents and peers • Models to imitate or ignore; sources of punishments and rewards (dependent upon outcome of behaviour: ‘bad’ vs ‘not bad’) • Parents • Unlikely to impose additional punishments • Some facilitated punishment avoidance • Some low-quality supervision of Learner driving (eg, speeding) • How can GDL address parent influence? • Peers • Likely to encourage and to reward risky behaviour • Can effectively punish/ discourage risky behaviour but unlikely to do so (age of friends appeared important) • Apart from passenger restrictions, how can GDL address peer influences?

  15. Strengths and Limitations • Self-report data (surveys, interviews) • Difficult to investigate any other way • Low response in online surveys, high attrition for longitudinal research, despite incentives • Flooding during longitudinal second-wave • Greater participation of females • Moderation analyses • Generalisability of findings • Small, matched sample for GDL-comparison, results need to be confirmed by larger-scale evaluations • Longitudinal research participants’ reflected Queensland ‘s ARIA profile

  16. Questions? Contact Details:Bridie Scott-Parker, PhD Candidate under examination. Email: b.scott-parker@qut.edu.au Acknowledgements: • Supervisory team: Prof Barry Watson, Dr Mark King, Dr Melissa Hyde • Pre-July 2007 GDL data: Dr Lyndel Bates Mark your Diaries! International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety Conference (T2013) 25-28 August 2013, Brisbane

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