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Which are made of

Lipids (fats). Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA). Carbohydrates. Fats/oils. Proteins. Simple sugars (e.g., glucose). Amino Acids. Nucleotides. Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus. Carbon,

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Which are made of

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  1. Lipids (fats) Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Carbohydrates Fats/oils Proteins Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Amino Acids Nucleotides Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, • Main Function:long-term energy storage • Special Feature: contain more energy per gram than • any other biological molecule (9 cal/g) • Groupings: Mostly C and H atoms (hydrocarbons) • Types: 1. Fats and oils 3. Steroids • 2. Phospholipids 1 3 4 2 Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of Which are made of which contain which contain which contain which contain main function main function main function main function CATALYSIS & STRUCTURE /SUPPORT ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION ENERGY STORAGE ENERGY STORAGE Plant oils (liquid @ room temp) Animal fat (solid @ room temp) short-term long-term

  2. Structure of Lipids (fats) 1 2 3 Glycerol Fatty acids

  3. FA Glycerol FA = TG (Triglyceride) FA Lipid droplet TG TG TG TG TG TG Adipocytes (rat) Courtesy of Dr. Ceddia – York University

  4. Making and Breaking Lipids (fats) Fats and oils are called triglycerides because of their structure 1 What functional groups are present on the glycerol and fatty acid molecules? Ester linkage main function Hydrolysis + 3 H2O ENERGY STORAGE Condensation Synthesis short-term

  5. Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated # of double bonds between carbons Orientation State at Room Temp. Origin Which are better for you? Example Types of Fatty Acids

  6. Types of Fatty Acids At least one double bond between carbon atoms None (contains maximum # of H atoms) Several double bonds

  7. Types of Fatty Acids Fewer hydrogens – “unsaturated”

  8. Types of Fatty Acids Kinks / bends at the double bonds Kinks / bends at the double bonds Straight chains

  9. Types of Fatty Acids CH2-CH =CH BEND DUE TO DOUBLE BOND

  10. Types of Fatty Acids olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil butter, lard

  11. Types of Fatty Acids Trans Fat Taking a perfectly good fat and making it bad! • Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double • bonds to become single ones. • (unsaturated becomes saturated) LDL HDL

  12. Phospholipids • Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules. • an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

  13. Phospholipids Nitrogen-containing group

  14. Phospholipids The phospholipid can also be represented as: Polar Head – hydrophilic (water-loving) Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) – hydrophobic (water-hating)

  15. Steroids Testosterone Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings • Cholesterol • Precursor for other steroids • Component of animal cell membranes • Contributes to atherosclerosis

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