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Personality & The Self

Personality & The Self . Chapter 9. Personality - Biological Approaches. Personality is an entity (Reification). Galen - 4 Humors. Blood Phlegm Yellow Bile Black Bile. Sheldon - Somatotypes. Ectomorph Mesomorph Endomorph. Somatotypes = Personalities. Ectomorph = Cerebrotonia

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Personality & The Self

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  1. Personality & The Self Chapter 9

  2. Personality - Biological Approaches Personality is an entity (Reification)

  3. Galen - 4 Humors • Blood • Phlegm • Yellow Bile • Black Bile

  4. Sheldon - Somatotypes • Ectomorph • Mesomorph • Endomorph

  5. Somatotypes = Personalities • Ectomorph = Cerebrotonia • Mesomorph = Somatotonia • Endomorph = Visceratonia

  6. Current Biological Theories • Cattell - 16 Traits • Eysenck - Types • “The Big Five”7

  7. The “Big Five” Personality Characteristics • I Surgency (Extraversion) • II Agreeableness • III Conscientiousness • IV Emotional Stability (vs. Neuroticism) • Culture, intellect, openess

  8. Behavioral Approach to Personality • Behavior - You are what you do. • Lundin (1961) Personality is: • “that organization of unique behavioral equipment an individual has acquired under the special conditions of his (or her) development” • Body is the location for your behavior (Baer) • Environment shapes personality • Behavior is situation specific

  9. Behavioral Systems Approach • Genotype/environment interactions (temperament) • Person/Environment Interactions • Personality as a skill • Personality as a dynamic attractor

  10. Temperaments (Thomas, Chess, & Birch) • · Activity Level: • · Rhythmicity: • · Approach or Withdrawal: • · Adaptability: Is the child able to adjust easily to changes in caretaking patterns? • · Intensity of Reaction: • · Threshold of Responsiveness: • Quality of Mood: • · Distractibility

  11. Temperaments (Bates) • Negative emotionality • Difficultiness • Adaptability to new situations or people • Activity Level • Self-regulation (smoothability) • Reactivity • Sociability-positive emotionality

  12. How Stable is Temperament • Low agreement among different observers (e.g., mother, father, teacher). • Weak correlations between early months measures and later. • Around end of year 1, better short-term stability • After second year, beter long-term stability

  13. Child Constellations • Easy Child • Difficult Child • Slow-to-Warm Child

  14. Which Category?

  15. Implications • “Goodness of Fit” • Nonlinear Model

  16. Role of Environment • Genotype-Environment Interactions • (Heavily genetic-constitutional –e.g. early temperament) • Person-Environment Interactions • (Heavily environmentally acquired) Personality • Consistency in enviornments mean consistency in behavior. (Pasive, evocative, and active interactions contribute to this) • Drastic changes in environment produce changes in personality (e.g., Patty Hearst). • Previously reinforced behaviors put on extinction. New behaviors reinforced. • Personality as behavioral attractor. (i.e., organized pattern of behavior.

  17. How the Environment Organizes Behavior • Familiar environments produce familiar behavior • We actively maintain familiar environments • We are reinforced by familar environments • We environments are unfamiliar • We try to change them • They change us • previous behaviors are extinguished • new behaviors emerge and are organized

  18. Sex Differences • How Do Gender Related Behaviors Develop? • Sex Role Stereotypes and Societal/Cultural Expectations • Parental Expectations & Reinforcement • Reinforcement of Gender Appropriate Behaviors • Androgyny - Combining Roles

  19. The Self • Self Concept and Self Recognition • Self-Awareness & Perspective Taking • Relational Frame Theory • Self statements • Stable vs. Unstable Traits • Internal - stable • External - unstable • Self-Efficacy Beliefs • Self Control • Self Esteem

  20. Self-Control • Matching Law & Choice • Problem • Small Immediate vs. • Large Delayed • Change Value by changing amount or delay

  21. The Self Revisited

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