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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Body Structure, Color, and Oncology. Chapter 2. Objective 1: Pronounce anatomic structures of the human body. Organization of the Human Body. cell (sel) : basic unit of all living things tissue (TISH-ū) : group of similar cells that perform a specific function

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Body Structure, Color, and Oncology

  2. Chapter 2 Objective 1: Pronounce anatomic structures of the human body.

  3. Organization of the Human Body cell (sel): basic unit of all living things tissue (TISH-ū): group of similar cells that perform a specific function organ (OR-gen): two or more types of tissue that together perform special body functions system (SIS-tem): a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions

  4. Types of Tissues (TISH-ūs) muscletissue (MUS-el) (TISH-ū): produces movement nervous tissue (NURV-us) (TISH-ū): responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities connective tissue (ke-NEK-tiv) (TISH-ū): connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures epithelial tissue (ep-i-THĒ-lē-al) (TISH-ū): major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands.

  5. Body Cavities

  6. Objective 1 Review Select the pronunciation of the anatomic structure defined. (TISH-ū) (OR-gen) (SIS-tem) (sel) • basic unit of all life • group of similar cells that perform a specific function • two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions • group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions • (sel) • (TISH-ū) • (OR-gen) • (SIS-tem)

  7. Chapter 2 Objective 2: Define and spell word parts related to body structure, color, and oncology.

  8. Organization of the Human Body

  9. Types of Tissues

  10. Combining Forms for Colors Name the definitions of the following combining forms. • chlor/o • chrom/o • cyan/o • erythr/o • leuk/o • melan/o • xanth/o • green • color • blue • red • white • black • yellow

  11. Prefix Practice Name the prefixes for the following definitions. through, complete painful, abnormal, difficult, labored above, excessive below, incomplete, deficient, under after, beyond, change new before dia- dys- hyper- hypo- meta- neo- pro-

  12. Compare and Contrast Word Root cyt/o path/o sarc/o Suffix • -cyte • -pathy • -sarcoma

  13. Suffixes Containing “gen” -gen: substance or agent that produces or causes Example: carcin/o/gen: substance that causes cancer -genic: producing, originating, causing Example: cyt/o/genic: producing cells

  14. Review Question Which of the following is a suffix that means disease? cyt/o -pathy path/o -cyte

  15. General Categories of Terms To facilitate your study, textbook terms are generally categorized as: Disease and Disorders Surgical (beginning with Chapter 4) Diagnostic (beginning with Chapter 5) Complementary Terms are further categorized as Built from and NOT Built from.

  16. Chapter 2 Objective 3: Define, pronounce, and spell disease and disorder oncology terms.

  17. Pronunciation Key

  18. Fun With PronunciationEight Ways to Say “ough” Now that you have reviewed the Pronunciation Key … Think of the English pronunciation of “ough” present in many words ... Some Words with “ough” and pronunciations: • bough – (bow) • borough (buhr-ah or buhr-oh) • cough – (coff) • enough – (enuff) • through – (throo) • though – (tho) • ought (awt) • hiccough – (hik-uhp)

  19. Analyzing Terms That Appear to Be Built from a Prefix and Suffix “Neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix. The word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this. neo plasm

  20. Review Question Which of the following is analyzed correctly? melan/o/carcin/oma melano/carcin/oma WR CV WR S CF WR WR S CF

  21. Fill in the blanks to complete labeling of this diagram of a benign cancer. lip oma

  22. Chapter 2 Objective 4: Define, pronounce, and spell body structure terms.

  23. A Closer Look at the Suffix, -plasia -plasia means: condition of formation, development, growth Build medical terms with the following definitions by using –plasia. • abnormal development • excessive development • incomplete development • dysplasia • hyperplasia • hypoplasia Adjective Forms: dysplastic, hyperplastic, hypoplastic

  24. An Even Closer Look at condition of formation, development, growth hyper plasia

  25. Ellipsis Ellipsis is the practice of omitting an essential part of a word by common consent. Examples: • erythrocyte - red (blood) cell • leukocyte - white (blood) cell The word root for blood is omitted.

  26. Review Question Which of the following means cell with a nucleus? karyocyte leukocyte erythrocyte cytoplasm

  27. Chapter 2 Objective 5: Define, pronounce, and spell complementary terms related to body structure, color, and oncology.

  28. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts cancerous carcinogen carcinogenic cyanosis diagnosis (Dx) etiology iatrogenic iatrology metastasis (pl. metastases) (METS) • oncogenic • oncologist • oncology • organic • pathogenic • pathologist • pathology • prognosis (Px) • xanthochromic • xanthosis

  29. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts afebrile apoptosis benign biological therapy carcinoma in situ chemotherapy (chemo) encapsulated exacerbation febrile hospice • idiopathic • inflammation • in vitro • in vivo • malignant • morbidity • mortality • palliative • radiation therapy (XRT) • remission

  30. Review Question Which of the following terms is built from word parts and can be literally translated to find its meaning? in vitro carcinoma in situ adenocarcinoma benign

  31. Chapter 2 Objective 6: Identify and use singular and plural endings.

  32. Singular and Plural Endings (1 of 4) LATIN SUFFIXES SingularPlural -a -ae -ax -aces -ex -ices -is -es -ix -ices -um -a -us -i

  33. Singular and Plural Endings (2 of 4) USING LATIN SUFFIXES SingularPlural bursa bursae thorax thoraces cortex cortices pelvis pelves appendix appendices bacterium bacteria fungus fungi

  34. Singular and Plural Endings (3 of 4) GREEK SUFFIXES SingularPlural -ma -mata -nx -nges -on -a -sis -ses

  35. Singular and Plural Endings (4 of 4) USING GREEK SUFFIXES SingularPlural sarcoma sarcomata pharynx pharynges ganglion ganglia metastasis metastases

  36. Chapter 2 Objective 7: Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to body structure and oncology.

  37. Abbreviations What is the abbreviation for this type of cancer treatment? chemo

  38. Practice with Abbreviations What is the abbreviation for radiation therapy? XRT

  39. Abbreviations Review Identify the definition or term with its abbreviation • cancerous tumor • leukocyte • identification of a disease • beyond control (plural) • prediction of a possible outcome of a disease • erythrocyte • CA • WBC • Dx • METS • Px • RBC

  40. End of Chapter Review Identify terms by category Term • myoma • histology • neuroma • pathologist • inflammation Category of the Term disease and disorder/oncology body structure disease and disorder/oncology complementary complementary NOT built from

  41. Chapter 2 Objective 8: Apply medical language in clinical contexts.

  42. Pronounce Medical Terms

  43. Comprehend Medical Terms in Use Test your comprehension of terms in the previous medical document by answering T for true and F for false. 1. The cancer has spread from the colon to other surrounding organs. 2. The specimen is described as having abnormal development. 3. The patient’s prognosis is carcinoma of the colon. 4. The patient’s colon was removed to avoid development of a malignant lesion in the remaining colon. 5. The patient was referred to a pathologist for consideration of treatment for the cancer with drugs.

  44. Metastasis

  45. Metastasismeta- = after, beyond, change, control; -stasis = control, stop, standing “English Class” • metastasis – singular noun • metastases – plural noun • metastatic – adjective • metastasize – verb Abbreviations • MET (metastasis), METS (metastases)

  46. Break Room Chat: Abbreviations Use of abbreviations spills into real life: lol, rofl and others limit key strokes in texting. In healthcare settings, abbreviations save a lot of time in charting and communicating. Accuracy is essential as well as establishing that there has been a meeting of the minds when abbreviations are used. Some abbreviations must be used with caution within hearing distance of the patient, e.g., abbreviation used for shortness of breath (SOB), which might be misinterpreted by patient or family. Healthcare employees often make up their own informal abbreviations in communicating amongst staff, which are not acceptable in legal charting.

  47. When Negative is a Good Thing A negative test result means that the substance or condition the test was performed to find (or rule out) is either not present, or present in a normal quantity. Some diagnostic tests with yield a: • False negative – the test result appears normal, but the condition (or substance does exist. • False positive – the test result incorrectly appears abnormal (as in “false alarm”).

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