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Geology

Geology. Rocks, Rocks & More Rocks! Chapter 3. Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic) Magma is molten material that forms deep beneath the Earth’s surface. Lava is magma that reaches the surface.

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Geology

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  1. Geology Rocks, Rocks & More Rocks! Chapter 3

  2. Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types(igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic) Magmais molten material that forms deep beneath the Earth’s surface. Lavais magma that reaches the surface. Weatheringis a process in which rocks are broken down by water, air, and living things. Sedimentis weathered pieces of Earth elements. The Rock Cycle!

  3. The Rock Cycle! It goes on and on and on…

  4. Processes driven by heat from the Earth’s interior are responsible for forming both igneous rock and metamorphic rock. Weathering and the movement of weathered materials are external processes powered by energy from the sun. External processes produce sedimentary rocks. The Energy that Drives the Rock Cycle

  5. ROCKS • Naturally occurring solid material made of one or more minerals • Grouped into 3 main types, based on the way it was formed (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic)

  6. IGNEOUS ROCKS #1

  7. Igneous Rocks • Formed from magma that cools and hardens • “Fire Formed”

  8. Intrusive rocks: formed deep within Earth Cools slowly, large crystals Coarse grained Extrusive rocks: formed from lava at Earth’s surface Cools quickly, small crystals fine grained IGNEOUS ROCKS: 2 types

  9. IGNEOUS ROCKS: texture • Size of crystal grains and chemical composition are used to classify igneous rocks • Texture depends on time it takes a rock to harden (cooling rate)

  10. Course-Grained Igneous Texture

  11. Fine-Grained Igneous Texture

  12. IGNEOUS ROCKS: porphyry(POR-fuh-ree) • Igneous rock with a mixture of large and small crystals

  13. Felsic: Light-colored Thick and slow flowing Rich in silica Mafic: Dark-colored Very fluid Rich in iron Two types of magma

  14. Basalt Rhyolite

  15. Scoria Gabbro

  16. Classification of Igneous Rocks

  17. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS #2

  18. Sedimentary Rocks • 75% of Earth’s surface is sedimentary rock!

  19. How Sedimentary Rocks are made: • Mud, sand, gravel and shells are sediments that make up rocks • Sediments are moved by wind and water • Compaction: Pressure placed in sediment layers cause them to change to rocks • Cementation: sediments are joined together (cemented) by minerals dissolved in water • This process results in the formation of layers called strata.

  20. The major characteristics of all sedimentary rocks is that they form layers!

  21. "For your information, there's a lot more to ogres than people think... Ogres are like sedimentary rocks! …Sedimentary rocks have layers... Ogres have layers! ...We both have layers."

  22. Sedimentary rocks usually form in water • Ripple marks and mud cracks

  23. Fossils often preserved in sedimentary rocks

  24. Sedimentary Rocks: Classified by • Composition • Texture • Grain size

  25. Types: • Clastic • Organic • Chemical

  26. 1. Clastic Rocks • Formed by broken pieces or fragments of rock • Classified according to size and shape of fragments

  27. Clastic Rocks Conglomerates: • Made of rounded pebbles and other rocks of different sizes and cemented together by clay, mud ,or sand • Formed when rivers deposit large pieces of rock • Pieces of rock rounded by water before deposited

  28. Conglomerate:

  29. Clastic Rocks Breccia: • Similar to conglomerates, but fragments are sharp and angular • Not carried far enough by water to round the edges

  30. Breccia:

  31. Clastic Rocks Sandstone: • Made of small, sand-sized grains • Very common • Resistant to wear and decay • Used to make buildings

  32. Sandstone:

  33. Clastic Rocks Mudrock: • Formed from small particles of clay • Example: shale

  34. shale

  35. shale

  36. Shale with Plant Fossils

  37. 2. Organic Rock • Formed directly or indirectly from material that used to be living

  38. Organic Rock Fossilized Limestone: • Shells from dead animals (containing calcium carbonate) that sink to bottom of ocean floor

  39. Limestone:

  40. Organic Rock Chalk: Composed of animals and calcium carbonate that have been pressed together

  41. Chalk

  42. White Cliffs of Dover

  43. Organic Rock Coal: • Rock formed from plants that lived millions of years ago

  44. 3. Chemical Rock • Formed by chemical means that do not involve any living organisms • Can occur through evaporation or chemical action

  45. Chemical Rock Limestone: • Formed directly from ocean water instead of organisms

  46. Chemical Limestone:

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