Cell Tissue Organ Body System

2. Cell • Tissue • Organ • Body System

3. Your body is made up of billions of cells ( basic unit of living things) • Groups of cells working together are tissues • A group of tissues working together are organs • Organs all have specific jobs (heart is to pump blood, but can the heart get blood to all other body parts by itself?) • A group of organs working together to complete a task is a body system

5. Body systems play different roles in the body, but work together to maintain homeostasis • Homeostasis is the condition in which the body’s internal conditions are at a stable state • Example: Needing more oxygen during exercise. Which two systems work together to provide it? • Example: Running. Which two systems work together to provide it?

6. Perform a skit where characters are different organs. Discuss and demonstrate in your skit what happens as a person begins to exercise.

7. All of the body systems are IMPORTANT • If one does not work properly, then it affects the others • Body systems are dependent on each other, so it is important to take care/ protect each system

9. Bone • Bone Marrow • Joint • Skeletal System • Cartilage • Ligaments • Tendons

10. Skeletal system is an internal system made up of bones, joints, and connective tissue • A bone is an organ in the skeletal system • There are 206 bones in the body • Functions of bones: • Bones are hard because they store minerals- Calcium and phosphorus, for use when the body needs it- mineral that maker bones strong and healthy • They protect soft organs- Provide framework around internal organs • Support the body- Vertebrae has 24 bones, supporting head, neck, and protect spinal cord • Allow movement- muscles pull on bones to move • Form new blood cells- Inside the bones are bone marrow (soft tissue) that makes blood cells for the body

11. Joints are a place where two or more bones meet • Bones are held together at joints by tissues called ligaments- help hold bones in place • Joints allow the body to move in controlled ways • Tissues called tendons attach muscle to bones –Achilles tendon • When muscles move, they cause bones to move too

12. Hinge joints -One direction movement only • Gliding joints - Enable bones to slide over one another • Pivot joint- Moves side to side, up and down, but for limited rotation • Ball and socket joint - Move in all directions, allowing rotation

14. Ligaments- connect bones to joints • Tendons- attach muscle to bones • Cartilage- strong, flexible tissue that provides cushioning at your joints

16. Fractures- break in a bone • Dislocations- bone pushed out of joint • Sprains- stretching or twisting a ligament • Osteoarthritis- breakdown of cartilage, causing stiffness and swelling • Scoliosis- sideways curvature in spine • Osteoporosis- condition of brittle and porous bones (long term deficiencies in calcium, Vitamin D and lack of exercise)

18. Be physically active- walking and jogging increase bone mass • Eat foods high in calcium and phosphorus- Dairy products, liver, beans, and whole grains • Sit, stand, and walk in straight posture- keeps spine healthy and protects spinal cord • Pay attention to your shoes- Should have correct arch support and should be able to wiggle toes, this provides support of bones in your feet

19. List three parts of the skeletal system and give a brief description of each.

21. Group of structures that make your body parts move • Most important muscle: the heart

22. Anyone ever worn a cast? How did your muscles feel when you got your cast off? Anyone started working out? How did your muscles feel when you started working out? DRAW a conclusion about muscle strength.

23. Cardiac- muscle that forms the heart • Smooth- forms some internal organs • Skeletal- muscle attached to bones

25. When muscles contract they pull two ends toward center • If the two ends are attached to bones, they are pulled too • Most body movements require effort from two muscles or muscle groups

26. Work in pairs to select a specific muscle that might cramp and what are good stretches to relive that cramp.

27. Perform stretches on page 374 in book

28. A pulled or torn muscle- torn away from bone or damaged • Muscle strain- soreness developed by overuse • Cramped muscle- remains contracted instead of extending • Muscular dystrophy-disorder inherited, causing gradual weakening

29. Engage in regular physical activity • Warm up before physical activity • Eat foods containing carbohydrates and protein • Maintain a healthy weight • Learn to lift properly

30. Heart, blood vessels, stomach, intestines, and toes. Identify the type of muscle tissue that is associated with each one. Heart, blood Vessels, stomach, intestines, toes.

32. Digestion is the changing of food you can eat into substances the body can use • Digestive system- is an organ system that converts food to a form useful for the body • Digestion frees nutrients so they can be used by the body • Nutrients are substances that the body needs to work properly • Cells use nutrients to grow, repair themselves, and get energy

33. Digestion begins in the mouth • Teeth cut and grind food while saliva moistens it • Saliva ( fluid produced by salivary glands) is 99% water • Passes through pharynx and esophagus • It enters the stomach- collected and churned like a food processor • Goes to small intestine- coiled 20 foot long tube, where it absorbs most nutrients, which are used by the body for growth, energy, and repair. Digestion is completed here • Food then enters large intestine and then excreted through the anus

35. Liver- a large gland where many digestive functions occur. Produces bile to get rid of fats • Gallbladder- small saclike organ that stores bile • Pancreas- organ that produces enzymes that assist in digestion. Releases enzymes directly into the small intestine • Kidneys- Blood carries waste to kidneys, who mix it with water and excrete it as urine • Sweat glands remove salt and water from body • Lungs remove carbon dioxide from body

37. Find the surface area of clay. • Cut the clay into 4 smaller pieces. • Measure the surface area of each of the cubes. • Compare the surface area of the smaller pieces to the big piece.

39. A system that removes waste from the body

40. Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body • Remains that cannot digest pass to the colon- large intestine • The lining of the colon absorbs most liquid forms of undigested material • The solids are deposited as feces • When the colon is full it sends a message to the brain to contract and push out the feces from the anus

42. The small intestine is 20 ft long and spends about 4 hours there. • How many feet does it travel an hour? • The large intestine is about 5 feet long. Food spends about 10-15 hours there. • What speed does food move through the large intestine? • How much faster does food travel through the small intestine that through the large intestine? • Why is it important to drink plenty of water?

43. Indigestion- uncomfortable feeling in stomach from eating to quickly or too much • Diarrhea- watery feces-may be caused by bacteria in food • Ulcers- sores on interior stomach or small intestine • Cirrhosis-destruction of liver • Gallstones- mineral crystals on gallbladder, block passage of bile • Kidney stones-like gallstones but block passage of urine • Appendicitis- inflammation of appendix • Hemorrhoids-swelling of veins at the opening of the anus • Colon cancer –growth of abnormal cells in the colon

44. Eat a variety of foods- low-fat and high-fiber foods • Eat complete meals- eating breakfast is extremely important • Do not rush meals • Chew food thoroughly- do not wash big pieces down with a drink • Drink plenty of water- 6 to 8 glasses a day of 8 ounces of water • See your dentist regularly

45. What have you learned about the Digestive and Excretory systems?

47. Organs and tissues that transport essential materials to the body cells and remove their waste products

48. Made up of plasma, platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells • Plasma is liquid where the body cells absorb water • Platelets help form clots where there is injury in a blood vessel • White blood cells fight off infection

49. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body • Blood moves through blood vessels • Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are arteries • Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart are veins • Capillaries carry blood between veins and arteries

50. Pulmonary circulation- flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart • Systematic circulation- flow of blood to all the body tissues except the lungs