"In My Language" (Amanda Baggs): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnylM1hI2jc

1. "In My Language" (Amanda Baggs): • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnylM1hI2jc

2. Disability and Social Justice

3. Disability and Social Justice Dennis Lang Disability Studies dlang@u.washington.edu http://depts.washington.edu/disstud

4. Talk (DRC UK): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSG6LGutkHo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpdyIYEmrs8 "In My Language" (Amanda Baggs): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnylM1hI2jc Being an Unperson (Amanda Baggs): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4c5_3wqZ3Lk Difference Is Normal (UN): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylFwcdNfVhE Visa TV Ad starring Bill Shannon “Crutch master” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6RGyJirL3g Rjd2 - Work It Out (Bill Shannon): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjrBd4WE2U

5. Agenda I) Review • Language (What Do I Say) • Stereotypes II) Disability Studies & the Disability Rights Movement • Examining the Body/Mind (INDIVIDUAL MODEL) • Medical • Moral • Personal Tragedy • Disability Rights Movement Pushes Back (The Social Model)

6. What Do I Say USE EITHER: Person with a Disability (PWD) (People 1st Language) or Disabled Person; Deaf (Identity Language)

7. Language • YES: Person who has/is…. (intellectual disability; deaf/hard of hearing; learning disability; cognitive disorder; mobility impairment….) • YES: wheelchair user

8. Language • NO:The “R” word • NO:wheelchair bound • NO: Suffering from

9. Talk (DRC UK):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSG6LGutkHohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpdyIYEmrs8

10. Stereotypes • 1. Pitiable and Pathetic • 2. "Super-Crip.“ • 3. Sinister, Evil and Criminal. • 4. Better Off Dead. • 5. Maladjusted. • 6. A Burden. • 7. Unable to Live a Successful Life.

11. Pitiable and Pathetic Telethon/ poster child: - Jerry Lewis “I decided after 41 years of battling this curse that attacks children of all ages, I would put myself in that chair, that steel imprisonment that long has been deemed the dystrophic child's plight. . . . I realize my life is half…. I just have to learn to try to be good at being half a person." From "What if I had Muscular Dystrophy?" Parade magazine, Sept. 2, 1990

12. Heroic, inspiringSuper-crip / “Overcoming your disability” Terry Fox

13. Quality of Life (Better Off Dead) : beliefthat one is better off dead than living with disability The Standard View

14. The Standard View Belief “…that disabilities have very strong negative impacts on the qualities of life (QOL) of the individuals that have them. This view is widely held by nondisabled people, both in popular and in academic culture.” - Amundson

15. The Anomaly When asked: disabled people report a QOL only slightly lower (than reported by nondisabled people), and much higher than that projected by nondisabled people. Both the Standard View and its Anomaly have been robustly demonstrated in a number of studies. Disabled and nondisabled people have very different assessments of the quality of disabled people’s lives. - Amundson

16. “I feel the weight of a social obligation to be either healthy or miserable. Nevertheless, I have concluded that I am always sick and often happy, and that this seems very peculiar in my culture.” Susan Wendell, The Rejected Body

17. Ableism "discrimination in favor of the able-bodied."Oxford Wordfinder • person is determined by their disability(Globalization) • Disabled People are inferior to nondisabled people • ableism is analogous to racism and sexism in that it is a system by which society denigrates, devalues, and thus oppresses those with disabilities, while privileging those without disabilities. • morality, worth and intelligence equated to being able-bodied or able-minded, while disability is conflated with immorality, stupidity, and worthlessness, and disabled lives devalued: beliefthat one is better off dead than living with disability.

18. Question What is the greatest factor that influences one’s QOL?

19. Question How do you treat a Person With a Disability?

20. Rjd2 - Work It Out (Bill Shannon): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjrBd4WE2U

21. Disability Studies & the Disability Rights Movement: Disability Models Examining the Body/Mind INDIVIDUAL MODEL “You'd the Problem” (focus on the Individual)

22. Examining the Body/MindINDIVIDUAL MODEL: MEDICAL MODEL The medicalization of the body/ mind: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)

23. Michel Foucault’s analysis of “biopower” • Medical-scientific knowledge claims and solutions to the “problem” of disability (e.g. madness diagnoses). how we conceive of the meaning of "disability“ has enormous practical, social, and legal effects, reframing and urging one conception of disability over another is deeply and fundamentally connected to power structures

24. Statistical bell curve (1835) invented in the era of efficiency, progress, eugenics • Statistics created “the tyranny of the norm,” really the ideal. • The disabled fall short. • Statistician Francis Galton founded the eugenics program of eliminating deviations from the norm (in one direction only). • Before the 1700’s “Normal” did not exist in language

25. Sara Baartman, exhibited in Europe as Hottentot Venus, died 1815, dissected & displayed

26. IQ testing • 1905 invented by Alfred Binet. • “abnormal” children can be educated. • 1910s US psychologists corrupt this goal. • Mental testing industry. • Hereditary / Eugenics • Measure & label & institutionalize. • “Menace” to society. • Moron – imbecile – idiot scale. • By 1920, 328 institutions, with 200,000 people labeled mentally impaired.

27. From segregation to prevention of “unfit” births = the eugenics movement 1900-1940 • Social costs, burden of supporting the “feebleminded” and their offspring. • vs. desirable traits = white, middle-class norms… • US sterilizes 60,000 people in institutions.

28. “Ugly Laws” Early 1900's – 1970’s it was illegal to be "found ugly" on the streets of many American cities like Chicago, Illinois Omaha, Nebraska and Columbus, Ohio. Punishment for being caught in public ranged from incarceration to fines. “No person who is diseased, maimed, or in any way deformed so as to be an unsightly or disgusting object is to be allowed in or on the public ways or other places in the city. If such a person exposes himself to public view, he shall be subject to a fine for each offense.”Chicago ordinance

29. Eugenics 1920 “The Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life,”Germany. Karl Binding , a lawyer, & Alfred Hoche, a psychiatrist. • 1927 Buck v. Bell United States Supreme Court upheld the concept of eugenic sterilization for people considered genetically "unfit." Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., stated: "Three generations of imbeciles are enough.“ Upheld Virginia's sterilization statute which provided for similar laws in 30 states, under which an estimated 65,000 Americans were sterilized without their own consent

30. US Set the Example • Nazi Germany -between1933-1939, 375,000 people in Germany sterilized • 1939 T4 program – Start of Germany’s Euthanasia program ~275,000Disabled Peoplemurdered.

31. The medicalization of the body/ mind Individual: Medical Model Americans with Disabilities Act – ADA 1990 • (1) has a physical or mental impairmentthat substantially limits a major life activity, • (2) has arecordof such an impairment, or • (3) is regarded as having such an impairment.

32. Examining the Body/MindINDIVIDUAL: MORAL MODEL Religious and Spiritual origin Character weakness

33. Moral Model Religious and Spiritual origin • Punishment from God (ie: due to displeasure) • Evil spirits - possessed Witchcraft • Bad Karma (did something evil in the past) • Gift from God (cross to bear, angelic)

34. Moral Model (cont.) Character weakness: • Corruptness • Immoral-ness • Examples: villains in movies, • refrigerator mothers, • faking, • Lazy/ unmotivated

35. INDIVIDUAL : PERSONAL TRAGEDY MODEL • Disability is considered a tragedy • Society needs to take care of / protect persons with disabilities • Examples: inspiration news story, telethons, charities

36. Examine Society: Social Model • Instead of disability originating within the person, disability originates from society • Disability results from society, (Ableism), and the environment: • Physical barriers • Attitudinal barriers • Political/Policy barriers

37. Social Model – Origins (Britain)Union of Physically Impaired Against Segregation UPIAS definitions of disability, 1976: • • Disability: The disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organization which takes no or little account of people who have impairments and thus excludes them from participation in the mainstream of social activities

38. Social Model Variants – UK Marxist and materialist interpretation of the world: • The historical convergence of industrialization and capitalism as restricting impaired people’s access to material and social goods, which results in their economic dependency and creates the category of disability

39. Social Model Variants – US Culture & Attitudes • Assumes that inappropriate and discriminatory social attitudes and cultural phenomena are the central problem for people with impairments

40. Social Model Variants - Minority • Political based used to counter discrimination and advocate for civil rights – Primarily US • disABILITY identity / Pride / Culture

41. Social Model Variants – Postmodern Theory • sees disability as constructed via discursive practices (Talk / write=create disability)

42. "Through framing disability, through conceptualizing, categorizing, and counting disability, we create it.” Higgins, Paul. (1992) Pp. 6-7 Making Disability: Exploring the Social Transformation of Human Variation. Springfield, Il: Charles C. Thomas

43. Social Model Variants – Dismodern Theory • Lennard Davis • Sees imperfection as the norm • Normal is a fairly new term…

44. Social Model Variants – Summary • disability is restricted activity (caused by social barriers) • 2. disability is a form of social oppression • 3. disability is created by categorizing bodies/minds as normal or abnormal

45. WHY CARE? How Disability Is Defined Determines What Is Measured = Allocation Of Resources

46. EXAMPLES • Social Security Disability Insurance • University of Washington Accomodations • World Bank • Oregon In 1989, passed legislation rationing health care to all state residents who were on Medicaid.

47. Difference Is Normal (UN): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylFwcdNfVhE

48. UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesUNCRPWD(in effect May 3rd 2008)

49. The United Nations General Assembly has unanimously adopted a treaty on the rights of disabled people The convention is the most rapidly negotiated human rights treaty in the history of international law - the first such treaty in the 21st Century. • "Too often, those living with disabilities have been seen as objects of embarrassment, and at best, of condescending pity and charity," • "On paper they have enjoyed the same rights as others. In real life, they have often been relegated to the margins and denied the opportunities that others take for granted." • The convention sets out in detail the rights of disabled people. • The treaty also recognizes that attitudes need to change if disabled people are to achieve equality. • Countries that adopt the treaty will have to get rid of laws, customs and practices that discriminate against disabled people. –BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6173073.stm

50. Purpose of Convention (Article 1) To promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity