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Ethan Wyatt Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University

Effect of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Protein Content of Hard Red Winter Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Ethan Wyatt Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University. Introduction. The United States ranks fourth in global wheat production.

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Ethan Wyatt Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University

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  1. Effect of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Protein Content of Hard Red Winter Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) Ethan Wyatt Plant and Soil Sciences Oklahoma State University

  2. Introduction • The United States ranks fourth in global wheat production. • In the United States more than 21 million hectares of wheat is produced each year. • Hard red winter wheat (HRWW) is grown extensively in the Great Plains region which accounts for 40% of the total wheat grown in the U.S. iwheat.org, 2013

  3. Agronomic Problem • In recent years hard red winter wheat protein levels have been a concern with milling and baking companies. • Grain protein concentration (GPC) levels determine the degree of milling and baking quality of processed wheat products and price • As of November 30, 2010, marketable grades of HRWW must contain a protein level of at least 11% or a 10 cent dockage to the contract price with a protein level of 10.5% (KCBT, 2010)

  4. Review of Literature • Grain protein levels are variable across locations due to environmental and genetic factors (Kramer, 1978) • Rao et al., (1993) GPC is controlled by many different aspects including environment, cultivar, nitrogen fertilizer rate and timing • Research on late-season top-dress N as either dry or liquid material has shown an increase in GPC (Woodward and Bly, 2003) • Woolfolk et al., (2002) GPC was increased with late season foliar N before and following flowering • According to Mercer (2007) decreasing droplet size increased uptake of the active ingredient and increased the spread area of the droplet which increased uptake of the active ingredient

  5. Objective • To evaluate the effects of adjuvant, droplet size, and foliar N rate on wheat grain protein and yield

  6. Methodology • Efaw, Stillwater, OK, Perkins, OK, and Lake Carl Blackwell • Randomized complete block design (RCBD), 3 reps

  7. Methodology • Foliar N applications were applied immediately following anthesis. • Alleys included in the design so foliar N application could be applied without damaging plots with the ATV applicator Gary James at HYPRO Global Spray Solutions provided spray tips and technical support Experimental design and treatment layout for the Lake Carl Blackwell experiment

  8. Methodology • Three to five days following application 15 flag leaves were chosen at random throughout each plot • At harvest, grain yield and subsamples of the grain were collected from each plot. • Grain and flag leaf samples were processed and analyzed for total N using a LECO Truspec CN dry combustion analyzer • Grain protein % and N uptake were calculated by: Massey Ferguson 8XP combine used to harvest plots. Combine has subsampling and yield recording capabilities

  9. Results Trt. 5 Trt. 2 Differences visible showing awn burn from the foliar N*adjuvant treatments in 2012 Foliar N burn was more frequent in all treatments in 2013. Left, visual burn signs of foliar N application compared to the right which was the check.

  10. Yield a ab abc Grain yield by treatment at LCB, OK, 2012. Relationship of grain yield and foliar N rate at Perkins, OK, 2013. bcde bcd cdef def def def f Treatment comparisons for grain yield as influenced by droplet size and foliar N rate, LCB, OK, 2013 Relationship of yield and nitrogen uptake with droplet size (coarse, medium, fine) LCB, OK, 2012.

  11. Grain Protein Check vs foliar N, 1 vs 2-10, single degree of freedom contrast LCB, OK, 2013. Non-adjuvant vsadjuvant, 2,3,4 vs 5,6,7, single degree of freedom contrast, LCB, OK, 2013. Relationship between grain protein and foliar N rate, Efaw, OK, 2012.

  12. Overall Protein

  13. Conclusions • Yield differences observed were relatively small across locations and years • For most locations and years GPC was increased linearly with higher rates of foliar N applied • When compared to the check, late season foliar N application can improve grain protein by up to 2.0% • Use of the fine droplet size with a foliar N rate of 11.2 kg N ha-1 with an addition of an adjuvant resulted in the highest GPC • This work suggests that more emphasis should be placed on protein prediction and improving mechanisms to improve late season foliar N uptake

  14. Producer Recommendations • Late season foliar N to improve protein levels should be applied to: • Growing wheat under high yielding production systems • Irrigation production systems • High rainfall areas/years • Growing wheat with less than optimum nitrogen requirement applied • Late season foliar N application should be applied when: • Crop is healthy • Temperature is below 65 degrees F • Low humidity • Low wind days

  15. Acknowledgements • Funding, Soil Fertility Research and Education Advisory Board • Spray nozzles and droplet size technical support was provided by Gary James at HYPRO • Foliar N applicator built by Dr. Randy Taylor, BAE • Committee Members: Dr. Raun, Dr. Arnall, Dr. Taylor • PASS graduate students

  16. Questions?

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