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Understanding Electric Fields: Creation, Measurement, and Visualization

This guide explores the concept of electric fields as vector quantities that relate the force experienced by a test charge to its magnitude. We delve into how electric charges produce measurable electric fields, the strength and direction of these fields, and the role of field lines in representing their intensity. Practical examples illustrate how to calculate electric field strength from forces acting on charges. We also examine the behavior of electric fields when multiple charges are present, highlighting the significance of the Van de Graff machine in charge transfer and visualization.

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Understanding Electric Fields: Creation, Measurement, and Visualization

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  1. 21-1 Creating and Measuring Electric Fields

  2. Electric Field • Vector quantity that relates the force exerted on a test charge to the size the test charge • Electric charge ,q, produces an electric field that is measureable • Field Strength: Stronger the force, stronger the field • Field Directions: Away from (+), towards (-)

  3. Equation • E = F on q’ q’ • F = force measured in Newtons (N) • q = charge in Coulombs (C) • E = Field Strength in Newton/Coulombs (N/C).

  4. Example • If a 10 C charge were placed in an electric field of strength 10 N/C, what force would it experience? • E = F/q 10 C x 10 N/C = 100 N

  5. Example • An electric field is to be measured using a positive test charge of 4.0 x 10-5 C. This test charge experiences a force of 0.60 N acting at an angle of 10o. What is the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the location of the test charge? • Known: Unknown • q = +4.0 x 10-5 C E = ??? At 10o • F = 0.60 N at 10o

  6. E = F / q • 0.60 N / 4.0 x 10-5 C • E = 1.5 x 104 N/C at 10o

  7. Electric Field Lines • Strength of field is shown by spacing of lines • Closer together  strong • Far apart  weak • As previously shown, positive outward, negative inward

  8. Electric Fields: 2 or more charges • When there are two or more, the field is the vector sum from individual charges • Lines become more curved • Lines will leave a positive charge and enter a negative charge

  9. Electric Field Lines • Also called lines of force. • Lines are vector quantity with longer vectors from stronger fields. • Lines are spaced closer together where the field is stronger. • Lines go to infinity. • With two or more opposite charges, the lines start at the (+) and go to the (-).

  10. Van de Graff machine • Transfers large amounts of charge from one part of the machine to the top meal terminal • Person touches it becomes charged electrically and the charges repel *stands hair up*

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