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Female Genital Circumcision and Mutilation

Female Genital Circumcision and Mutilation. By Theresa Powers, Kate Corrigan, and Lauren Henschen. Female Genital Mutilation (Female Circumcision).

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Female Genital Circumcision and Mutilation

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  1. Female Genital Circumcision and Mutilation By Theresa Powers, Kate Corrigan, and Lauren Henschen

  2. Female Genital Mutilation (Female Circumcision) As defined by the World Health Organization is: all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genital or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or non therapeutic reasons.

  3. Procedure • The girl is immobilized • Usually held down with her legs open • No anesthetic • One of the following tools is used to cut off the female genitalia • Tools used: • Broken glass • Tin lid • Scissors • Jagged rock • Razor blade • Stitches: • Thorns or needles and thread • Legs are immobilized for about 40 days to allow for healing • Herbs, milk, eggs, ashes, or dung are used to help heal the wound • Often a girl is taken to a facility in which she can recover and be taught the ways of future sexual endeavors. She will encounter difficulties and need further procedures to engage in vaginal sexual intercourse and have children.

  4. Reasons • Psychosexual • Reduces sensitivity of the tissue • Reduces sexual desire • To maintain chastity and virginity • Increases male pleasure • Sociological • To identify with their cultural heritage • Initiate girls into womanhood • Maintaining social connections • Hygiene • “clitoris and labia are considered dirty and unsightly” • Removed to promote good hygiene • More visually pleasing

  5. Beliefs and Myths • Maintenance of culture • Many people believe that FGM is a religious practice of Muslims who try to abide by the prophet who advised to “reduce but do not destroy” • People who practice FGM think that it benefits the girls that are circumcised protecting them from ancestors’ curses, limits female promiscuity, and ensures fidelity once married. • However, it is merely a social custom in many of the African countries and surrounding areas for their advancement in society. • Another common belief: avoid difficulties in child birth • Belief that women who undergo FGM are more desirable and more likely to marry • Those girls who are not circumcised are thought of as unclean and not worthy to even carryout simple daily tasks such as handling food and water

  6. Classifications • Primary • Between the ages of 5-12 (types 1,2,and 3 are performed) • Secondary • Performed after childbirth

  7. Normal Female Genitalia All of the major parts of the female’s secondary sex organs are fully intact in this illustration.

  8. Type 1 Sunna circumcision is the partial removal of the clitoris and/or the foreskin formerly known as the prepuce. Four types of FGM

  9. Type 2 Clitoridectomy, the removal of the clitoris all together with part of the labia minora.

  10. Type 3 Infibulations, (a.k.a. Pharaonic circumcision) the removal of the external genitalia (clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora) followed by sewing to narrow the vulva (the vaginal opening) and leaving a small opening for urine and menstrual blood to pass.

  11. Type 4 This type is unclassified. It includes all operations on the female genitalia, including: pricking, piercing, stretching, or incision of the clitoris and /or labia, to the vagina wall, scraping or cutting of the vagina wall, scraping or cutting of the vagina and surrounding tissues, and introduction of corrosives or herbs to the vagina.

  12. Where female circumcision is commonly practiced Africa Sub-Saharan African countries mostly Middle East Asia And increasing rates in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and even the United States and Canada

  13. Acute complications Hemorrhage Infections Bleeding of adjacent organs Excruciating pain Shock

  14. Long Term Effects • Severe scaring • Chronic infections • Urologic and obstetric complications • Psychological and social problems • Consequences for sexuality • Loss of capacity for orgasm because of the destruction of the vulval nerve endings • Complications for child birth including expulsion disturbances • Formation of a fistula, cysts, or abscesses • Incontinence and ruptures • Painful sexual intercourse • Transmission of HIV possible • Neuroma: tumor or mass growing from a nerve • Septicemia • Death

  15. Reasons for Supporting FGM in Egypt, Mali, Central African Republic, and Eritrea

  16. Female Circumcision Video

  17. Discussion If you were a physician and a parent asked you to perform a circumcision on their daughter, how would you respond? They also threaten that if you refuse, they will perform the procedure themselves in a traditional fashion. As a global issue, what can we do to stop the spread of FGM? Consider this: If both male and female procedures are referred to as circumcision, why is male circumcision considered to be a social norm?

  18. Female circumcision in Africa Startling statistics: 1 girl every 16 seconds 4 girls every minute 228 girls every hour 5480 girls every day 166,666 girls every month 2 million girls every year 130 million females Courtesy of : http://antonini.psc.br/atlas/exsicacao/images/African%20Female

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